Analyses of Rodent Grooming and its Behavioral Microstructure in Modern Neurobiological Studies

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Abstract

Grooming is a complex innate animal behavior used as an indicator of the physiological state of rodents under stress. Here, we analyze the impact of various experimental factors, including genetic, pharmacological and physiological, on self-grooming behavior of laboratory mice and rats. Analysis of grooming microstructure assesses not only the amount, but also the frequency, sequence, localization and consistency of this behavior, and can serve as a sensitive marker of changes in the brain, its response to stress, and predisposition to pathological conditions that model human mental illnesses, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder, autism and depression. Studying rodent self-grooming microstructure can provide valuable information about the mechanisms of brain pathogenesis and has multiple important translational implications for neuroscience research.

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About the authors

K. V. Apukhtin

Sirius University of Science and Technology

Author for correspondence.
Email: avkalueff@gmail.com

Neurobiology Program, Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences

Russian Federation, Federal Territory Sirius

A. D. Shevlyakov

Sirius University of Science and Technology

Email: avkalueff@gmail.com

Neurobiology Program, Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences

Russian Federation, Federal Territory Sirius

M. M. Kotova

Sirius University of Science and Technology

Email: avkalueff@gmail.com

Neurobiology Program, Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences

Russian Federation, Federal Territory Sirius

S. V. Amikishiev

Sirius University of Science and Technology

Email: avkalueff@gmail.com

Neurobiology Program, Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences

Russian Federation, Federal Territory Sirius

V. D. Riga

Sirius University of Science and Technology

Email: avkalueff@gmail.com

Neurobiology Program, Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences

Russian Federation, Federal Territory Sirius

A. D. Volgin

Sirius University of Science and Technology

Email: avkalueff@gmail.com

Neurobiology Program, Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences

Russian Federation, Federal Territory Sirius

A. V. Kalueff

Sirius University of Science and Technology; Almazov National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation; St. Petersburg State University

Email: avkalueff@gmail.com

Neurobiology Program, Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Translational Biomedicine, World-class Scientific Center “Center for Personalized Medicine”

Russian Federation, Federal Territory Sirius; St. Petersburg; St. Petersburg

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Supplementary files

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2. Fig. 1 (a). Grooming of laboratory rodents (a) and methods for evaluating its microstructure (b) using the grooming Analysis Algorithm [6-9] (AAG/GAA, see Table. 1 and the text below). Each individual auto-grooming event is an act (bout) consisting of separate stages (episodes/stages) of grooming (Table 2). The first three stages are directed to the front of the body and relate to rostral grooming, the rest relate to caudal grooming. Transitions from one stage to another are called transitions and are evaluated as correct (in the rostrocaudal direction 0-I-...-VI-0) or incorrect, with a violation of orientation - for example, reversions, omissions of stages. Grooming acts can be complete (the entire sequence) or incomplete – for example, abortive (interrupted earlier than stage VI) or incorrectly started from later stages. Interruptions of less than 2 seconds are considered as stops within the grooming act, and the number of such grooming stops, as well as % of acts with stops, is taken into account in the analysis by

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3. Fig. 2. Examples of visualization of the microstructure of grooming in neurobiological studies, including etograms (upper panels), matrices (middle panels), as well as circular flowograms and three-dimensional plotting (lower diagrams, respectively). Examples of normal, undisturbed grooming (left) and abnormal grooming with impaired microstructure (right) are presented on etograms and in the form of a transition matrix. The frame additionally shows examples of visualization of the regional distribution of grooming, with dots of different colors divided into correct (green) and incorrect (red) stages, demonstrated during testing within or in violation of the rostrocaudal vector, respectively. The diameter of the dots reflects their duration. It is worth noting the predominance of long-term correct stages in the case of normal grooming (left) and the presence of a large number of short irregular and predominantly rostral stages in pathological grooming (right).

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4. Fig. 3. Brain structures involved in the regulation of grooming and its microstructure in rodents (see also Table. 4) [1]. ACC is the anterior cingulate cortex, PL is the prelimbic cortex, IL is the infralimbic cortex, OFC is the orbitofrontal cortex, CC is the corpus callosum, LV is the lateral ventricle, NAc is the nucleus accumbens, BST is the nucleus of the terminal strip bed, Am is the amygdala, PVN is the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. The striatum regulates the sequential movement of rodents during auto-grooming, while the neocortex participates in the general modulation of the motor program. The cerebellum plays an important role in the control, coordination and fine-tuning of movements during auto–grooming, and the brain stem plays an important role in the initiation of these movements. For example, specific neurons of the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve form a neural circuit with the cervical spinal cord to maintain repetitive orofacial auto-grooming. The amygdala participates in the specific modulation of auto-grooming during stressful situations, and the hypothalamus determines neuro

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