Overview of Human Papillomavirus Infection


Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

:Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a DNA oncogenic virus. HPV infection is the most common sexually transmitted disease, and is capable of infecting mucosal and cutaneous membranes of the anogenital, upper aerodigestive tract, and other head and neck mucosal regions. Although HPV infection is generally asymptomatic and can be easily resolved by the immune system, if it persists and progresses, it can lead to cancer. HPV is permanently responsible for 5% of human cancers. Malignant lesions related to HPV include oral and respiratory squamous cell carcinomas, and cervical and anogenital cancers. Currently, no specific treatment is available for HPV infection, and therapeutic procedures (tissue ablation, chemotherapy, cryotherapy, and immunomodulation) cannot eliminate the virus completely. Vaccination and cervical screening are two methods that have been developed to provide protection against oncogenic HPV. Unfortunately, no effective protocol for vaccination, prevention, testing, or treatment has yet been proposed in the developing countries. In this review, we have reviewed the knowledge gained from recent studies on virology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, epidemiology, prevention, and treatment of HPV infection.

About the authors

Mohammad Darvishi

Department of Aerospace and Subaquatic Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Centre (IDTMRC), AJA University of Medical Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: info@benthamscience.net

Majid Nouri

Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Centre (IDTMRC), AJA University of Medical Sciences

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Maziar Zahir

General Practitioner and Researcher, Islamic Azad University

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Maryam Asli

Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Centre (IDTMRC), AJA University of Medical Sciences

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Seyed Zia Hejripoor

Department of Emergency Medicine, Besat Hospital, AJA University of Medical Sciences

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Ebrahim Karimi

Department of Emergency Medicine, Besat Hospital, AJA University of Medical Sciences

Email: info@benthamscience.net

References

  1. Bruni L, Diaz M, Castellsagué X, Ferrer E, Bosch FX, de Sanjosé S. Cervical human papillomavirus prevalence in 5 continents: Meta-analysis of 1 million women with normal cytological findings. J Infect Dis 2010; 202(12): 1789-99. doi: 10.1086/657321 PMID: 21067372
  2. Forcier M, Musacchio N. An overview of human papillomavirus infection for the dermatologist: disease, diagnosis, management, and prevention. Dermatol Ther 2010; 23(5): 458-76. doi: 10.1111/j.1529-8019.2010.01350.x PMID: 20868401
  3. Hernández-Rosas F, Orozco-Hernández E, Maza-Sánchez L, Salgado-García PC, Navarro-Vidal E, León-Bautista MP. Prevalence and correlation of human papillomavirus genotypes with clinical factors in cervical samples from Mexican women. Exp Biol Med 2021; 246(1): 48-56. doi: 10.1177/1535370220959747 PMID: 32962407
  4. Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Dikshit R, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: Sources, methods and major patterns in Globocan 2012. Int J Cancer 2015; 136(5): E359-86. doi: 10.1002/ijc.29210 PMID: 25220842
  5. Khorasanizadeh F, Hassanloo J, Khaksar N, et al. Epidemiology of cervical cancer and human papilloma virus infection among Iranian women - analyses of national data and systematic review of the literature. Gynecol Oncol 2013; 128(2): 277-81. doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2012.11.032 PMID: 23200918
  6. Al-Azmi H, Hanafy H. Human papillomavirus: Manifestations, prevention and treatment: An overview. Gulf Journal of Dermatology and Venereology 2012; 19(1): 1-28.
  7. Handisurya A, Schellenbacher C, Kirnbauer R. Diseases caused by human papillomaviruses (HPV). J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2009; 7(5): 453-66. PMID: 19302229
  8. Smith HB. Handbook on human papillomavirus: Prevalence, detection and management. Nova Science Publishers, Inc. 2013.
  9. Otter S, Whitaker S, Chatterjee J, Stewart A. The human papillomavirus as a common pathogen in oropharyngeal, anal and cervical cancers. Clin Oncol 2019; 31(2): 81-90. doi: 10.1016/j.clon.2018.10.004 PMID: 30385006
  10. Ferreira AR, Ramalho AC, Marques M, Ribeiro D. The interplay between antiviral signalling and carcinogenesis in human papillomavirus infections. Cancers 2020; 12(3): 646. doi: 10.3390/cancers12030646 PMID: 32164347
  11. Ambühl LMM, Baandrup U, Dybkær K, Blaakær J, Uldbjerg N, Sørensen S. Human papillomavirus infection as a possible cause of spontaneous abortion and spontaneous preterm delivery. Infectious diseases in obstetrics and gynecology 2016; 2016: 3086036. doi: 10.1155/2016/3086036
  12. Tokuzen N, Nakashiro KI, Tojo S, Goda H, Kuribayashi N, Uchida D. Human papillomavirus-16 infection and p16 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2021; 22(1): 528. doi: 10.3892/ol.2021.12789 PMID: 34055093
  13. Taku O, Mbulawa ZZA, Phohlo K, Garcia-Jardon M, Businge CB, Williamson AL. Distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes in HIV-negative and HIV-positive women with cervical intraepithelial lesions in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Viruses 2021; 13(2): 280. doi: 10.3390/v13020280 PMID: 33670231
  14. Bahramabadi R, Honarvar Z, Iranpour M, et al. Epidemiological study of various HPV strains in cervical fluid samples in south-eastern iran, 2018-2020. Arch Iran Med 2021; 24(9): 678-83. doi: 10.34172/aim.2021.97 PMID: 34816683
  15. Sammarco ML, Tamburro M, Pulliero A, Izzotti A, Ripabelli G. Human papillomavirus infections, cervical cancer and MicroRNAs: An overview and implications for public health. MicroRNA 2020; 9(3): 174-86. PMID: 31738147
  16. Zapatka M, Borozan I, Brewer DS, et al. The landscape of viral associations in human cancers. Nat Genet 2020; 52(3): 320-30. doi: 10.1038/s41588-019-0558-9 PMID: 32025001
  17. de Sanjosé S, Brotons M, Pavón MA. The natural history of human papillomavirus infection. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2018; 47: 2-13. doi: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2017.08.015 PMID: 28964706
  18. Comparetto C, Borruto F. Human papillomavirus infection: Overview. Handbook on human papillomavirus: prevalence, detection and management/HB Smith–New York: Nova Science Publishers. Inc 2013; 1: 1-137.
  19. Brentjens MH, Yeung-Yue KA, Lee PC, Tyring SK. Human papillomavirus: A review. Dermatol Clin 2002; 20(2): 315-31. doi: 10.1016/S0733-8635(01)00028-6 PMID: 12120445
  20. Tornesello ML, Buonaguro FM. Human papillomavirus and cancers. MDPI 2020; p. 3772.
  21. Pizzol D, Putoto G, Chhaganlal KD. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection: A Mozambique overview. Virusdisease 2016; 27(2): 116-22. doi: 10.1007/s13337-016-0319-7 PMID: 27366761
  22. Sabet F, Mosavat A, Ahmadi Ghezeldasht S, et al. Prevalence, genotypes and phylogenetic analysis of human papillomaviruses (HPV) in northeast Iran. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 103: 480-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.12.015 PMID: 33310023
  23. Obeid DA, Almatrrouk SA, Alfageeh MB, Al-Ahdal MNA, Alhamlan FS. Human papillomavirus epidemiology in populations with normal or abnormal cervical cytology or cervical cancer in the Middle East and North Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect Public Health 2020; 13(9): 1304-13. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.06.012 PMID: 32564935
  24. Farahmand Z, Soleimanjahi H, Garshasbi M, Hasanzadeh M, Zafari E. Distribution of the most common types of HPV in Iranian women with and without cervical cancer. Women Health 2021; 61(1): 73-82. doi: 10.1080/03630242.2020.1822490 PMID: 32957835
  25. Barrett AD, Stanberry LR. Vaccines for biodefense and emerging and neglected diseases. Academic Press 2009.
  26. Krzowska-Firych J, Lucas G, Lucas C, Lucas N, Pietrzyk Ł. An overview of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) as an etiological factor of the anal cancer. J Infect Public Health 2019; 12(1): 1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2018.06.005 PMID: 29980478
  27. Kombe Kombe AJ, Li B, Zahid A, et al. Epidemiology and burden of human papillomavirus and related diseases, molecular pathogenesis, and vaccine evaluation. Front Public Health 2021; 8: 552028. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.552028 PMID: 33553082
  28. Adebamowo SN, Olawande O, Famooto A, Dareng EO, Offiong R, Adebamowo CA. Persistent low-risk and high-risk human papillomavirus infections of the uterine cervix in HIV-negative and HIV-positive women. Front Public Health 2017; 5: 178. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2017.00178 PMID: 28785554
  29. Broglie MA, Jochum W, Michel A, et al. Evaluation of type-specific antibodies to high risk-human papillomavirus (HPV) proteins in patients with oropharyngeal cancer. Oral Oncol 2017; 70: 43-50. doi: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2017.05.010 PMID: 28622890
  30. Della Fera AN, Warburton A, Coursey TL, Khurana S, McBride AA. Persistent human papillomavirus infection. Viruses 2021; 13(2): 321. doi: 10.3390/v13020321 PMID: 33672465
  31. Schiffman M, Doorbar J, Wentzensen N, et al. Carcinogenic human papillomavirus infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2016; 2(1): 16086. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2016.86 PMID: 27905473
  32. Gravitt PE, Winer RL. Natural history of HPV infection across the lifespan: Role of viral latency. Viruses 2017; 9(10): 267. doi: 10.3390/v9100267 PMID: 28934151
  33. Hammer A, de Koning MNC, Blaakaer J, et al. Whole tissue cervical mapping of HPV infection: Molecular evidence for focal latent HPV infection in humans. Papillomavirus Res 2019; 7: 82-7. doi: 10.1016/j.pvr.2019.02.004 PMID: 30772498
  34. Day PM, Schelhaas M. Concepts of papillomavirus entry into host cells. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 4: 24-31. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2013.11.002 PMID: 24525291
  35. DiGiuseppe S, Bienkowska-Haba M, Sapp M. Human papillomavirus entry: Hiding in a bubble. J Virol 2016; 90(18): 8032-5. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01065-16 PMID: 27412595
  36. Calton CM, Bronnimann MP, Manson AR, et al. Translocation of the papillomavirus L2/vDNA complex across the limiting membrane requires the onset of mitosis. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13(5): e1006200. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006200 PMID: 28463988
  37. Aydin I, Villalonga-Planells R, Greune L, et al. A central region in the minor capsid protein of papillomaviruses facilitates viral genome tethering and membrane penetration for mitotic nuclear entry. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13(5): e1006308. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006308 PMID: 28464022
  38. Guion L, Bienkowska-Haba M, DiGiuseppe S, Florin L, Sapp M. PML nuclear body-residing proteins sequentially associate with HPV genome after infectious nuclear delivery. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15(2): e1007590. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007590 PMID: 30802273
  39. Harden ME, Munger K. Human papillomavirus molecular biology. Mutat Res Rev Mutat Res 2017; 772: 3-12. doi: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.07.002 PMID: 28528688
  40. Graham SV. The human papillomavirus replication cycle, and its links to cancer progression: A comprehensive review. Clin Sci 2017; 131(17): 2201-21. doi: 10.1042/CS20160786 PMID: 28798073
  41. Doorbar J, Egawa N, Griffin H, Kranjec C, Murakami I. Human papillomavirus molecular biology and disease association. Rev Med Virol 2015; 25(Suppl)(Suppl. 1): 2-23. doi: 10.1002/rmv.1822 PMID: 25752814
  42. Moody CA, Laimins LA. Human papillomavirus oncoproteins: Pathways to transformation. Nat Rev Cancer 2010; 10(8): 550-60. doi: 10.1038/nrc2886 PMID: 20592731
  43. Hoppe-Seyler K, Bossler F, Braun JA, Herrmann AL, Hoppe-Seyler F. The HPV E6/E7 oncogenes: Key factors for viral carcinogenesis and therapeutic targets. Trends Microbiol 2018; 26(2): 158-68. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.07.007 PMID: 28823569
  44. Jang MK, Shen K, McBride AA. Papillomavirus genomes associate with BRD4 to replicate at fragile sites in the host genome. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10(5): e1004117. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004117 PMID: 24832099
  45. Gammoh N, Isaacson E, Tomaić V, Jackson DJ, Doorbar J, Banks L. Inhibition of HPV-16 E7 oncogenic activity by HPV-16 E2. Oncogene 2009; 28(23): 2299-304. doi: 10.1038/onc.2009.78 PMID: 19421149
  46. Yeo-Teh NSL, Ito Y, Jha S. High-risk human papillomaviral oncogenes E6 and E7 target key cellular pathways to achieve oncogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19(6): 1706. doi: 10.3390/ijms19061706 PMID: 29890655
  47. Cerqueira C, Schiller JT. Papillomavirus assembly: An overview and perspectives. Virus Res 2017; 231: 103-7. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.11.010 PMID: 27840111
  48. Zouridis A, Kalampokas T, Panoulis K, Salakos N, Deligeoroglou E. Intrauterine HPV transmission: A systematic review of the literature. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2018; 298(1): 35-44. doi: 10.1007/s00404-018-4787-4 PMID: 29777347
  49. Darragh TM, Colgan TJ, Cox JT, et al. The lower anogenital squamous terminology standardization project for HPV-associated lesions: Background and consensus recommendations from the College of American Pathologists and the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2012; 136(10): 1266-97. doi: 10.5858/arpa.LGT200570 PMID: 22742517
  50. De Vuyst H, Clifford GM, Nascimento MC, Madeleine MM, Franceschi S. Prevalence and type distribution of human papillomavirus in carcinoma and intraepithelial neoplasia of the vulva, vagina and anus: a meta-analysis. Int J Cancer 2009; 124(7): 1626-36. doi: 10.1002/ijc.24116 PMID: 19115209
  51. Tumban E. A current update on human papillomavirus-associated head and neck cancers. Viruses 2019; 11(10): 922. doi: 10.3390/v11100922 PMID: 31600915
  52. D’Souza G, Wentz A, Kluz N, et al. Sex differences in risk factors and natural history of oral human papillomavirus infection. J Infect Dis 2016; 213(12): 1893-6. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiw063 PMID: 26908748
  53. de Sanjosé S, Diaz M, Castellsagué X, et al. Worldwide prevalence and genotype distribution of cervical human papillomavirus DNA in women with normal cytology: A meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2007; 7(7): 453-9. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70158-5 PMID: 17597569
  54. Kim YT, Serrano B, Lee JK, et al. Burden of Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related disease and potential impact of HPV vaccines in the Republic of Korea. Papillomavirus Res 2019; 7: 26-42. doi: 10.1016/j.pvr.2018.12.002 PMID: 30599280
  55. Johnson C, Obanor N, DeWeese A. Human papillomavirus and cancer in men. Health Sci J 2016; 10(6): 1.
  56. Dunne EF, Nielson CM, Stone KM, Markowitz LE, Giuliano AR. Prevalence of HPV infection among men: A systematic review of the literature. J Infect Dis 2006; 194(8): 1044-57. doi: 10.1086/507432 PMID: 16991079
  57. Ishibashi MA, Antunes JA, Aoki MFC, et al. Human papillomavirus infection in men residing in Brazil, Mexico, and the USA. Salud Publica Mex 2008; 50(5): 408-18. Infección por Virus de Papiloma Humano en hombres de Brasil, México y EUA. doi: 10.1590/S0036-36342008000500014 PMID: 18852938
  58. Kjaer SK, Chackerian B, van den Brule AJ, et al. High-risk human papillomavirus is sexually transmitted: Evidence from a follow-up study of virgins starting sexual activity (intercourse). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2001; 10(2): 101-6. PMID: 11219765
  59. Mobini Kesheh M, Keyvani H. The prevalence of HPV genotypes in Iranian population: An Update. Iran J Pathol 2019; 14(3): 197-205. doi: 10.30699/IJP.2019.90356.1861 PMID: 31582996
  60. Sohrabi A, Hajia M. HPV testing in Iranian men: An epidemiological update. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10(11): 4314-5. doi: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_193_21 PMID: 35136810
  61. Dany M, Chidiac A, Nassar AH. Human papillomavirus vaccination: Assessing knowledge, attitudes, and intentions of college female students in Lebanon, a developing country. Vaccine 2015; 33(8): 1001-7. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.01.009 PMID: 25597945
  62. Ali MAM, Bedair RN, Abd El Atti RM. Cervical high-risk human papillomavirus infection among women residing in the Gulf Cooperation Council countries: Prevalence, type-specific distribution, and correlation with cervical cytology. Cancer Cytopathol 2019; 127(9): 567-77. doi: 10.1002/cncy.22165 PMID: 31390155
  63. Moosa K, Alsayyad AS, Quint W, Gopala K, DeAntonio R. An epidemiological study assessing the prevalence of human papillomavirus types in women in the Kingdom of Bahrain. BMC Cancer 2014; 14(1): 905. doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-905 PMID: 25466757
  64. Hajjaj AA, Senok AC, Al-Mahmeed AE, Issa AA, Arzese AR, Botta GA. Human papillomavirus infection among women attending health facilities in the Kingdom of Bahrain. Saudi Med J 2006; 27(4): 487-91. PMID: 16598325
  65. Bruni L, Barrionuevo-Rosas L, Albero G, Serrano B, Mena M, Gómez D. Human papillomavirus and related diseases report ICO/IARC Information Centre on HPV and Cancer. HPV Information Centre 2019; p. 307.
  66. Dadashi M, Vaezjalali M, Fallah F, Goudarzi H, Nasiri MJ, Owlia P. Epidemiology of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection among Iranian women identified with cervical infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis of national data. Infect Epidemiol Microbiol 2017; 3(2): 68-72.
  67. Taebi M, Riazi H, Keshavarz Z, Afrakhteh M. Knowledge and attitude toward human papillomavirus and HPV vaccination in Iranian population: A systematic review. Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention. APJCP 2019; 20(7): 1945-9. PMID: 31350949
  68. Jalilvand S, Shoja Z, Hamkar R. Human papillomavirus burden in different cancers in Iran: A systematic assessment. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15(17): 7029-35. doi: 10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.17.7029 PMID: 25227786
  69. Momenimovahed Z, Salehiniya H. Cervical cancer in Iran: Integrative insights of epidemiological analysis. Biomedicine 2018; 8(3): 18. doi: 10.1051/bmdcn/2018080318 PMID: 30141405
  70. Afrakhteh M, Khodakarami N, Moradi A, Alavi E, Shirazi FH. A study of 13315 papanicolau smear diagnoses in Shohada Hospital. J Family Reprod Health 2007; 74-8.
  71. Mortazavi S, Zali M, Raoufi M, Nadji M, Kowsarian P, Nowroozi A. The prevalence of human papillomavirus in cervical cancer in Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2002; 3(1): 69-72. PMID: 12718611
  72. Yousefzadeh A, Mostafavizadeh SM, Jarollahi A, et al. Human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence and types among women attending regular gynecological visit in Tehran, Iran. Clin Lab 2014; 60(2): 267-73. doi: 10.7754/Clin.Lab.2013.130221 PMID: 24660540
  73. Sadeghi A, Sobhani A, Etaati Z, Jahanlou A, Shiroudi M. Prevalence of human papilloma virus among women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia III and invasive cervical cancer from 2001 to 2006 in Bandarabas 2008.
  74. Nokiani FA, Akbari H, Rezaei M, Madani H, Ale Agha ME. Cost--effectiveness of pap smear in Kermanshah, Iran. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2008; 9(1): 107-10. PMID: 18439087
  75. Karimi Zarchi M, Akhavan A, Fallahzadeh H, Gholami H, Dehghani A, Teimoori S. Outcome of cervical cancer in Iranian patients according to tumor histology, stage of disease and therapy. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2010; 11(5): 1289-91. PMID: 21198279
  76. Handler NS, Handler MZ, Majewski S, Schwartz RA. Human papillomavirus vaccine trials and tribulations: Vaccine efficacy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2015; 73(5): 759-67. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2015.05.041 PMID: 26475535
  77. Brianti P, De Flammineis E, Mercuri SR. Review of HPV-related diseases and cancers. New Microbiol 2017; 40(2): 80-5. PMID: 28368072
  78. Cobos C, Figueroa JA, Mirandola L, et al. The role of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection in non-anogenital cancer and the promise of immunotherapy: A review. Int Rev Immunol 2014; 33(5): 383-401. doi: 10.3109/08830185.2014.911857 PMID: 24811210
  79. Fernandes Q, Allouch S, Gupta I, et al. Human papillomaviruses-related cancers: An update on the presence and prevention strategies in the Middle East and North African regions. Pathogens 2022; 11(11): 1380. doi: 10.3390/pathogens11111380 PMID: 36422631
  80. Palefsky J. Epidemiology of human papillomavirus infections. In: U: Bloom A, ur UpToDate UpToDate. Waltham, MA 2016.
  81. Cox J, Palefsky J. Recommendations for the use of human papillomavirus vaccines. In: U: Bloom A, ur UpToDate UpToDate. Waltham, MA 2016.
  82. Grce M, Mravak-Stipetić M. Human papillomavirus-associated diseases. Clin Dermatol 2014; 32(2): 253-8. doi: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.10.006 PMID: 24559561
  83. Abbas M, Kalia S. Trends in non-melanoma skin cancer (basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma) in Canada: A descriptive analysis of available data. J Cutan Med Surg 2016; 20(2): 166-75. doi: 10.1177/1203475415610106 PMID: 26458408
  84. Callens J, Van Eycken L, Henau K, Garmyn M. Epidemiology of basal and squamous cell carcinoma in Belgium: The need for a uniform and compulsory registration. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2016; 30(11): 1912-8. doi: 10.1111/jdv.13703 PMID: 27256411
  85. Money DM, Roy M, Scrivener J, et al. Retired: Canadian consensus guidelines on human papillomavirus. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2007; 29(8): S1. doi: 10.1016/S1701-2163(16)32573-7
  86. Wiley DJ, Douglas J, Beutner K, et al. External genital warts: Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35(s2)(2): S210-24. doi: 10.1086/342109 PMID: 12353208
  87. von Krogh G, Lacey CJ, Gross G, Barrasso R, Schneider A. European course on HPV associated pathology: Guidelines for primary care physicians for the diagnosis and management of anogenital warts. Sex Transm Infect 2000; 76(3): 162-8. doi: 10.1136/sti.76.3.162 PMID: 10961190
  88. Hariri S, Unger ER, Sternberg M, et al. Prevalence of genital human papillomavirus among females in the United States, the National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey, 2003-2006. J Infect Dis 2011; 204(4): 566-73. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jir341 PMID: 21791659
  89. Erickson BK, Alvarez RD, Huh WK. Human papillomavirus: What every provider should know. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 208(3): 169-75. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.09.007 PMID: 23021131
  90. Baloch Z, Yasmeen N, Li Y, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for human papillomavirus infection among Chinese ethnic women in southern of Yunnan, China. Braz J Infect Dis 2017; 21(3): 325-32. doi: 10.1016/j.bjid.2017.01.009 PMID: 28284657
  91. Rodríguez-Álvarez MI, Gómez-Urquiza JL, Husein-El Ahmed H, Albendín-García L, Gómez-Salgado J, Cañadas-De la Fuente GA. Prevalence and risk factors of human papillomavirus in male patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15(10): 2210. doi: 10.3390/ijerph15102210 PMID: 30309014
  92. Wilkerson JE, Bailey JM, Bieniasz ME, Murray SI, Ruffin MT. Psychosocial factors in risk of cervical intraepithelial lesions. J Womens Health 2009; 18(4): 513-8. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2008.0982 PMID: 19361319
  93. Vaccarella S, Herrero R, Snijders PJF, et al. Smoking and human papillomavirus infection: Pooled analysis of the International Agency for Research on Cancer HPV Prevalence Surveys. Int J Epidemiol 2008; 37(3): 536-46. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyn033 PMID: 18316350
  94. Collins S, Rollason TP, Young LS, Woodman CBJ. Cigarette smoking is an independent risk factor for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in young women: A longitudinal study. Eur J Cancer 2010; 46(2): 405-11. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.09.015 PMID: 19819687
  95. Lin CC, Hsieh MC, Hung HC, et al. Human papillomavirus prevalence and behavioral risk factors among HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected men who have sex with men in Taiwan. Medicine 2018; 97(45): e13201. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000013201 PMID: 30407359
  96. Bansal A, Singh MP, Rai B. Human papillomavirus-associated cancers: A growing global problem. Int J Appl Basic Med Res 2016; 6(2): 84-9. doi: 10.4103/2229-516X.179027 PMID: 27127735
  97. van Hamont D, van Ham MAPC, Bakkers JMJE, Massuger LFAG, Melchers WJG. Evaluation of the SPF10-INNO LiPA human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping test and the roche linear array HPV genotyping test. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44(9): 3122-9. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00517-06 PMID: 16954236
  98. Molijn A, Kleter B, Quint W, van Doorn LJ. Molecular diagnosis of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. J Clin Virol 2005; 32 (Suppl. 1): S43-51. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2004.12.004 PMID: 15753011
  99. Sangrajrang S, Laowahutanont P, Wongsena M, et al. Comparative accuracy of Pap smear and HPV screening in Ubon Ratchathani in Thailand. Papillomavirus Res 2017; 3: 30-5. doi: 10.1016/j.pvr.2016.12.004 PMID: 28720454
  100. Kodner CM, Nasraty S. Management of genital warts. Am Fam Physician 2004; 70(12): 2335-42. PMID: 15617297
  101. Wierzbicka M, Józefiak A, Szydłowski J, et al. Recommendations for the diagnosis of human papilloma virus (HPV) high and low risk in the prevention and treatment of diseases of the oral cavity, pharynx and larynx. Guide of experts PTORL and KIDL. Otolaryngol Pol 2013; 67(3): 113-34. doi: 10.1016/j.otpol.2013.01.003 PMID: 23719268
  102. Cheng L, Wang Y, Du J. Human papillomavirus vaccines: An updated review. Vaccines 2020; 8(3): 391. doi: 10.3390/vaccines8030391 PMID: 32708759
  103. Mondiale de la Santé O, Organization WH. Human papillomavirus vaccines: WHO position paper, May 2017. Weekly Epidemiological Record= Relevé épidémiologique hebdomadaire 2017; 92(19): 241-68.
  104. Garland SM, Steben M, Sings HL, et al. Natural history of genital warts: Analysis of the placebo arm of 2 randomized phase III trials of a quadrivalent human papillomavirus (types 6, 11, 16, and 18) vaccine. J Infect Dis 2009; 199(6): 805-14. doi: 10.1086/597071 PMID: 19199546
  105. Canfell K, Kim JJ, Brisson M, et al. Mortality impact of achieving WHO cervical cancer elimination targets: A comparative modelling analysis in 78 low-income and lower-middle-income countries. Lancet 2020; 395(10224): 591-603. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30157-4 PMID: 32007142
  106. de Martel C, Plummer M, Vignat J, Franceschi S. Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type. Int J Cancer 2017; 141(4): 664-70. doi: 10.1002/ijc.30716 PMID: 28369882
  107. Jumaan AO, Ghanem S, Taher J, Braikat M, Al Awaidy S, Dbaibo GS. Prospects and challenges in the introduction of human papillomavirus vaccines in the extended Middle East and North Africa region. Vaccine 2013; 31(6): G58-64. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.06.097 PMID: 24331821

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

Copyright (c) 2024 Bentham Science Publishers