Recent Insight into UV-induced Oxidative Stress and Role of Herbal Bioactives in the Management of Skin Aging


Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

Skin is a defensive barrier that protects the body against sun rays and other harmful environmental elements. Sun rays contain ultraviolet rays, UVA (320-400 nm) and UVB (280- 320 nm), which are highly harmful to the skin, leading to photoaging. Nowadays, sunscreen products are being utilized to protect the skin against photodamage. Conventional sunscreens are useful but cannot provide skin protection against UV rays for a longer period of time. Therefore, they need to be applied frequently. Aromatic compounds (ACs)-based sunscreens may filter out the UV rays but give rise to several side effects, like premature aging, stress, atopic dermatitis, keratinocytes (KCs) damage, genetic interruption, and malignant melanoma due to deposition of their toxic metabolites on the skin. The concept of natural medicines has become popular worldwide because of their safety and efficacy. Natural medicines have been proven to possess a wide array of biological properties, including antioxidant, antityrosinase, antielastase, antiwrinkle, antiaging, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, etc., against sun rays-mediated skin damage. The present review article is focused on UV-induced oxidative stress, and pathological and molecular targets with updates on herbal bioactives for the management of skin aging.

About the authors

Ranjit Harwansh

Institute of Pharmaceutical Research,, GLA University

Email: info@benthamscience.net

Rohitas Deshmukh

Institute of Pharmaceutical Research,, GLA University

Author for correspondence.
Email: info@benthamscience.net

References

  1. Khavkin, J.; Ellis, D.A.F. Aging skin: Histology, physiology, and pathology. Facial Plast. Surg. Clin. North Am., 2011, 19(2), 229-234. doi: 10.1016/j.fsc.2011.04.003 PMID: 21763983
  2. Boismal, F.; Serror, K.; Dobos, G.; Zuelgaray, E.; Bensussan, A.; Michel, L. Skin aging: Pathophysiology and innovative therapies. Med. Sci., 2020, 36(12), 1163-1172. doi: 10.1051/medsci/2020232 PMID: 33296633
  3. Garg, C.; Khurana, P.; Garg, M. Molecular mechanisms of skin photoaging and plant inhibitors. Int. J. Green Pharm., 2017, 11, S217-S232.
  4. Yang, L.; Yang, F.; Teng, L.; Katayama, I. 6-Shogaol protects human melanocytes against oxidative stress through activation of the Nrf2-antioxidant response element signaling pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2020, 21(10), 3537. doi: 10.3390/ijms21103537 PMID: 32429495
  5. Harwansh, R.K.; Mukherjee, P.K.; Bahadur, S.; Biswas, R. Enhanced permeability of ferulic acid loaded nanoemulsion based gel through skin against UVA mediated oxidative stress. Life Sci., 2015, 141, 202-211. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.10.001 PMID: 26437269
  6. Harwansh, R.K.; Mukherjee, P.K.; Kar, A.; Bahadur, S.; Al-Dhabi, N.A.; Duraipandiyan, V. Enhancement of photoprotection potential of catechin loaded nanoemulsion gel against UVA induced oxidative stress. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 2016, 160, 318-329. doi: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2016.03.026 PMID: 27167597
  7. Bhattacharyya, S.; Majhi, S.; Saha, B.P.; Mukherjee, P.K. Chlorogenic acid–phospholipid complex improve protection against UVA induced oxidative stress. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 2014, 130, 293-298. doi: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.11.020 PMID: 24378330
  8. Bazzicalupo, M.; Cornara, L.; Burlando, B.; Cascini, A.; Denaro, M.; Smeriglio, A.; Trombetta, D. Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E.Br. extract as a skin preserving agent: From traditional medicine to scientific validation. J. Integr. Med., 2021, 19(6), 526-536. doi: 10.1016/j.joim.2021.09.002 PMID: 34538643
  9. Nema, N.K.; Chaudhary, S.K.; Kar, A.; Bahadur, S.; Harwansh, R.K.; Haldar, P.K.; Sharma, N.; Mukherjee, P.K. Bioactive leads for skin aging—Current scenario and future perspectives. In: Evidence-Based Validation of Herbal Medicine, 2nd ed; Mukherjee, P.K., Ed.; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 2022, pp. 185-222. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-323-85542-6.00020-2
  10. Hidalgo, L.; Saldías-Fuentes, C.; Carrasco, K.; Halpern, A.C.; Mao, J.J.; Navarrete-Dechent, C. Complementary and alternative therapies in skin cancer a literature review of biologically active compounds. Dermatol. Ther., 2022, 35(11), e15842. doi: 10.1111/dth.15842 PMID: 36124923
  11. Ng, C.; Yen, H.; Hsiao, H.Y.; Su, S.C. Phytochemicals in skin cancer prevention and treatment: An updated review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2018, 19(4), 941. doi: 10.3390/ijms19040941 PMID: 29565284
  12. Ahuja, A.; Gupta, J.; Gupta, R. Miracles of herbal phytomedicines in treatment of skin disorders: Natural healthcare perspective. Infect. Disord. Drug Targets, 2021, 21(3), 328-338. doi: 10.2174/1871526520666200622142710 PMID: 32568024
  13. Petruk, G.; Del Giudice, R.; Rigano, M.M.; Monti, D.M. Antioxidants from plants protect against skin photoaging. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev., 2018, 2018, 1-11. doi: 10.1155/2018/1454936 PMID: 30174780
  14. Lucas, R.M.; McMichael, A.J.; Armstrong, B.K.; Smith, W.T. Estimating the global disease burden due to ultraviolet radiation exposure. Int. J. Epidemiol., 2008, 37(3), 654-667. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyn017 PMID: 18276627
  15. Mukherjee, P.; Harwansh, R.; Bahadur, S.; Banerjee, S.; Kar, A. Evidence based validation of Indian traditional medicine-way forward. World J. Tradit. Chin. Med., 2016, 2(1), 48-61.
  16. He, J.Y.; Yv, X.Y.; Wu, J.D.; Lv, L.; Zhang, X.Q.; Ma, T.M.; Zhang, Y. The effectiveness and safety of Chinese herbal formulas on skin photoaging. Medicine, 2021, 100(3), e24197-e24197. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000024197 PMID: 33546036
  17. Zide, T.; Zhixian, M.J.C.J.E.T.M.F. Signaling pathways in anti-tumor mechanism of traditional. Chin. Med., 2018, 24, 205-218.
  18. Panda, S.P.; Soni, U. A review of dementia, focusing on the distinct roles of viral protein corona and MMP9 in dementia: Potential pharmacotherapeutic priorities. Ageing Res. Rev., 2022, 75, 101560. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101560 PMID: 35031512
  19. Yan, M.; Guo, L.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, B.; Hou, Z.; Gao, Y.; Gu, H.; Gong, H. Glycyrrhetinic acid protects α-naphthylisothiocyanate-induced cholestasis through regulating transporters, inflammation and apoptosis. Front. Pharmacol., 2021, 12, 701240. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.701240 PMID: 34630081
  20. Assefa, Z.; Van Laethem, A.; Garmyn, M.; Agostinis, P. Ultraviolet radiation-induced apoptosis in keratinocytes: on the role of cytosolic factors. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 2005, 1755(2), 90-106. PMID: 15964692
  21. Lu, J.; Guo, J.H.; Tu, X.L.; Zhang, C.; Zhao, M.; Zhang, Q.W.; Gao, F.H. Tiron inhibits UVB-Induced AP-1 binding sites transcriptional activation on MMP-1 and MMP-3 promoters by MAPK signaling pathway in human dermal fibroblasts. PLoS One, 2016, 11(8), e0159998. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159998 PMID: 27486852
  22. Fisher, G.J.; Kang, S.; Varani, J.; Bata-Csorgo, Z.; Wan, Y.; Datta, S.; Voorhees, J.J. Mechanisms of photoaging and chronological skin aging. Arch. Dermatol., 2002, 138(11), 1462-1470. doi: 10.1001/archderm.138.11.1462 PMID: 12437452
  23. Chen, D.; Du, Z.; Lin, Z.; Su, P.; Huang, H.; Ou, Z.; Pan, W.; Huang, S.; Zhang, K.; Zheng, X.; Lin, L.; Zhang, L. The chemical compositions of Angelica pubescens Oil and its prevention of UV-B radiation-induced cutaneous photoaging. Chem. Biodivers., 2018, 15(10), e1800235. doi: 10.1002/cbdv.201800235 PMID: 29996001
  24. Skopelja-Gardner, S.; Tai, J.; Sun, X.; Tanaka, L.; Kuchenbecker, J.A.; Snyder, J.M.; Kubes, P.; Mustelin, T.; Elkon, K.B. Acute skin exposure to ultraviolet light triggers neutrophil-mediated kidney inflammation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 2021, 118(3), e2019097118. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2019097118 PMID: 33397815
  25. Rochette, L.; Mazini, L.; Meloux, A.; Zeller, M.; Cottin, Y.; Vergely, C.; Malka, G. Anti-aging effects of GDF11 on Skin. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2020, 21(7), 2598. doi: 10.3390/ijms21072598 PMID: 32283613
  26. Addor, F. Beyond photoaging: Additional factors involved in the process of skin aging. Clin. Cosmet. Investig. Dermatol., 2018, 11, 437-443. doi: 10.2147/CCID.S177448 PMID: 30288075
  27. Gilchrest, B.A. Photoaging. J. Invest. Dermatol., 2013, 133(E1), E2-E6. doi: 10.1038/skinbio.2013.176 PMID: 23820721
  28. Hu, J.; Zhang, J.; Zhao, W.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, L.; Shang, H. Cochrane systematic reviews of Chinese herbal medicines: An overview. PLoS One, 2011, 6(12), e28696. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0028696 PMID: 22174870
  29. Cavinato, M.; Waltenberger, B.; Baraldo, G.; Grade, C.V.C.; Stuppner, H.; Jansen-Dürr, P. Plant extracts and natural compounds used against UVB-induced photoaging. Biogerontology, 2017, 18(4), 499-516. doi: 10.1007/s10522-017-9715-7 PMID: 28702744
  30. Xue, P.; Wang, Y.; Zeng, F.; Xiu, R.; Chen, J.; Guo, J.; Yuan, P.; Liu, L.; Xiao, J.; Lu, H.; Wu, D.; Pan, H.; Lu, M.; Zhu, F.; Shi, F.; Duan, Q. Paeonol suppresses solar ultraviolet-induced skin inflammation by targeting T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase. Oncotarget, 2017, 8(16), 27093-27104. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.15636 PMID: 28404919
  31. Li, H.; Li, Z.; Peng, L.; Jiang, N.; Liu, Q.; Zhang, E.; Liang, B.; Li, R.; Zhu, H. Lycium barbarum polysaccharide protects human keratinocytes against UVB-induced photo-damage. Free Radic. Res., 2017, 51(2), 200-210. doi: 10.1080/10715762.2017.1294755 PMID: 28287048
  32. Mahendra, C.K.; Ser, H.L.; Pusparajah, P.; Htar, T.T.; Chuah, L.H.; Yap, W.H.; Tang, Y.Q.; Zengin, G.; Tang, S.Y.; Lee, W.L.; Liew, K.B.; Ming, L.C.; Goh, B.H. Cosmeceutical Therapy: Engaging the repercussions of UVR photoaging on the skin’s circadian rhythm. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2022, 23(5), 2884. doi: 10.3390/ijms23052884 PMID: 35270025
  33. Zeng, J.; Bi, B.; Chen, L.; Yang, P.; Guo, Y.; Zhou, Y.; Liu, T. Repeated exposure of mouse dermal fibroblasts at a sub-cytotoxic dose of UVB leads to premature senescence: A robust model of cellular photoaging. J. Dermatol. Sci., 2014, 73(1), 49-56. doi: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.08.013 PMID: 24054498
  34. Losso, J.N.; Munene, C.N.; Bansode, R.R.; Bawadi, H.A. Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-1 activity by the soybean Bowman–Birk inhibitor. Biotechnol. Lett., 2004, 26(11), 901-905. doi: 10.1023/B:bile.0000025900.33812.7c PMID: 15269538
  35. Nichols, J.A.; Katiyar, S.K. Skin photoprotection by natural polyphenols: Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and DNA repair mechanisms. Arch. Dermatol. Res., 2010, 302(2), 71-83. doi: 10.1007/s00403-009-1001-3 PMID: 19898857
  36. Lan, C.C.E.; Wu, C.S.; Yu, H.S. Solar-simulated radiation and heat treatment induced metalloproteinase-1 expression in cultured dermal fibroblasts via distinct pathways: Implications on reduction of sun-associated aging. J. Dermatol. Sci., 2013, 72(3), 290-295. doi: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.07.015 PMID: 24001791
  37. Balcombe, N.R.; Sinclair, A. Ageing: definitions, mechanisms and the magnitude of the problem. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol., 2001, 15(6), 835-849. doi: 10.1053/bega.2001.0244 PMID: 11866480
  38. Bendová, H.; Akrman, J.; Krejcí, A.; Kubác, L.; Jírová, D.; Kejlová, K.; Kolárová, H.; Brabec, M.; Malý, M. In vitro approaches to evaluation of sun protection factor. Toxicol. In Vitro, 2007, 21(7), 1268-1275.
  39. Tanaka, K.; Hasegawa, J.; Asamitsu, K.; Okamoto, T. Prevention of the ultraviolet B-mediated skin photoaging by a nuclear factor kappaB inhibitor, parthenolide. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 2005, 315(2), 624-630. doi: 10.1124/jpet.105.088674 PMID: 16027228
  40. Kundu, J.K.; Choi, K.S.; Fujii, H.; Sun, B.; Surh, Y.J. Oligonol, a lychee fruit-derived low molecular weight polyphenol formulation, inhibits UVB-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression, and induces NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1 expression in hairless mouse skin. J. Funct. Foods, 2009, 1(1), 98-108. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2008.09.016
  41. Li, Q.; Bai, D.; Qin, L.; Shao, M.; Zhang, S.; Yan, C.; Yu, G.; Hao, J. Protective effect of d-tetramannuronic acid tetrasodium salt on UVA-induced photo-aging in HaCaT cells. Biomed. pharmaco. Biomed. pharmacotherapie, 2020, 126, 110094.
  42. Labat-Robert, J.; Fourtanier, A.; Boyer-Lafargue, B.; Robert, L. Age dependent increase of elastase type protease activity in mouse skin. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 2000, 57(2-3), 113-118. doi: 10.1016/S1011-1344(00)00085-3 PMID: 11154076
  43. Kim, Y-S.; Noh, Y-K.; Lee, G-I.; Kim, Y-K.; Lee, K-S.; Min, K-R.J.K.J.P. Inhibitory effects of herbal medicines on hyaluronidase activity. Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy, 1995, 26(3), 265-272.
  44. Shin, E.J.; Jo, S.; Choi, H.; Choi, S.; Byun, S.; Lim, T.G. Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Inhibits UV-Induced MMP-1 expression by targeting histone acetyltransferases in human skin. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2019, 20(12), 3055. doi: 10.3390/ijms20123055 PMID: 31234539
  45. Saraf, S.; Kaur, C.D. In vitro sun protection factor determination of herbal oils used in cosmetics. Pharmacognosy Res., 2010, 2(1), 22-25. doi: 10.4103/0974-8490.60586 PMID: 21808534
  46. Agrawal, N.; Goyal, A.; Jain, A. Nutraceuticals: Supplements For Building A Healthy World 2020, 9, 1-8.
  47. Manach, C.; Williamson, G.; Morand, C.; Scalbert, A.; Rémésy, C. Bioavailability and bioefficacy of polyphenols in humans. I. Review of 97 bioavailability studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 2005, 81(1)(Suppl.), 230S-242S. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/81.1.230S PMID: 15640486
  48. Singh, S.; Bajpai, M.; Mishra, P. Pharmacognostic profile, in-vitro antioxidant and hepatoprotective potential of ethanolic fruit extract of Pyrus communis linn. Curr. Bioact. Compd., 2021, 17(10), e190721192137. doi: 10.2174/1573407217666210308160905
  49. Mukherjee, P.; Harwansh, R.; Bahadur, S.; Duraipandiyan, V.; Al-Dhabi, N. Factors to consider in development of nutraceutical and dietary supplements. In: Pharmacognosy; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 2017, pp. 653-661. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-802104-0.00034-2
  50. Singh, B.; Upadhyay, P.K.; Kumar, M. Nanocrystal for dermatological application: A comprehensive review. Curr. Nanosci., 2022, 18(1), 48-60. doi: 10.2174/1573413717666210121143038
  51. Maity, N.; Nema, N.K.; Abedy, M.K.; Sarkar, B.K.; Mukherjee, P.K. Exploring Tagetes erecta Linn flower for the elastase, hyaluronidase and MMP-1 inhibitory activity. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2011, 137(3), 1300-1305. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.07.064 PMID: 21843618
  52. Melo, C.M. Carvalho, K.M.; Neves, J.C.; Morais, T.C.; Rao, V.S.; Santos, F.A.; Brito, G.A.; Chaves, M.H. αβ-amyrin, a natural triterpenoid ameliorates L-arginine-induced acute pancreatitis in rats. World J. Gastroenterol., 2010, 16(34), 4272-4280. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v16.i34.4272 PMID: 20818810
  53. Mirza, A.C.; Panchal, S.S. Safety evaluation of syringic acid: Subacute oral toxicity studies in Wistar rats. Heliyon, 2019, 5(8), e02129. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02129 PMID: 31463381
  54. Sugimoto, K.; Nishimura, T.; Nomura, K.; Sugimoto, K.; Kuriki, T. Inhibitory effects of alpha-arbutin on melanin synthesis in cultured human melanoma cells and a three-dimensional human skin model. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 2004, 27(4), 510-514. doi: 10.1248/bpb.27.510 PMID: 15056856
  55. Maeda, K.; Fukuda, M. Arbutin: Mechanism of its depigmenting action in human melanocyte culture. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 1996, 276(2), 765-769. PMID: 8632348
  56. Kenndler, E.; Schwer, C.; Fritsche, B.; Pöhm, M.J.J. o.C. Determination of arbutin in uvae-ursi folium (bearberry leaves) by capillary zone electrophoresis. J. Chromatogr. A, 1990, 514(2), 383-388.
  57. Sccs; Degen, G.H. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS)-Opinion on the safety of the use of β-arbutin in cosmetic products. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 2015, 73(3), 866-867. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.10.008 PMID: 26482403
  58. Ullah, M.O.; Sultana, S.; Haque, A.; Tasmin, S. Antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activity of centella asiatica. Eur. J. Sci. Res., 2009, 30, 260-264.
  59. Gohil, K.; Patel, J.; Gajjar, A. Pharmacological review on Centella asiatica: A potential herbal cure-all. Indian J. Pharm. Sci., 2010, 72(5), 546-556. doi: 10.4103/0250-474X.78519 PMID: 21694984
  60. Szuster-Ciesielska, A.; Plewka, K.; Daniluk, J. Kandefer-Szerszeń M. Betulin and betulinic acid attenuate ethanol-induced liver stellate cell activation by inhibiting reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytokine (TNF-α TGF-β) production and by influencing intracellular signaling. Toxicology, 2011, 280(3), 152-163. doi: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.12.006 PMID: 21172400
  61. Mishra, V.; Soren, A.D.; Yadav, A.K. Toxicological evaluations of betulinic acid and ursolic acid; common constituents of Houttuynia cordata used as an anthelmintic by the Naga tribes in North-east India. Fut. J. Pharm. Sci, 2021, 7(1), 1-13.
  62. Kitagawa, S.; Yoshii, K.; Morita, S.; Teraoka, R. Efficient topical delivery of chlorogenic acid by an oil-in-water microemulsion to protect skin against UV-induced damage. Chem. Pharm. Bull., 2011, 59(6), 793-796. doi: 10.1248/cpb.59.793 PMID: 21628922
  63. Solovchenko, A.E.; Merzlyak, M.N. Screening of visible and UV radiation as a photoprotective mechanism in plants. Russ. J. Plant Physiol., 2008, 55(6), 719-737. doi: 10.1134/S1021443708060010
  64. Koriem, K.M.M.; Soliman, R.E. Chlorogenic and caftaric acids in liver toxicity and oxidative stress induced by methamphetamine. J. Toxicol., 2014, 2014, 1-10. doi: 10.1155/2014/583494 PMID: 25136360
  65. Wang, Y.; Li, J.; Li, N. Phytochemistry and pharmacological activity of plants of Genus Curculigo: An updated review since 2013. Molecules, 2021, 26(11), 3396. doi: 10.3390/molecules26113396 PMID: 34205154
  66. Kim, S.; Chung, J.H. Berberine prevents UV-induced MMP-1 and reduction of type I procollagen expression in human dermal fibroblasts. Phytomedicine, 2008, 15(9), 749-753. doi: 10.1016/j.phymed.2007.11.004 PMID: 18164189
  67. Yilmaz, Y.; Toledo, R.T. Major flavonoids in grape seeds and skins: antioxidant capacity of catechin, epicatechin, and gallic acid. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2004, 52(2), 255-260. doi: 10.1021/jf030117h PMID: 14733505
  68. Naik, G.J.B.N. Radioprotecting ability and phytochemical analysis of an Indian medicinal plant: Terminalia chebula; Barc Newsletter, 2003, pp. 221-226.
  69. Bai, J.; Zhang, Y.; Tang, C.; Hou, Y.; Ai, X.; Chen, X.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, X.; Meng, X. Gallic acid: Pharmacological activities and molecular mechanisms involved in inflammation-related diseases. Biomed. Pharmaco. Biomed. Pharmacother., 2021, 133, 110985.
  70. Juncan, A.M. Moisă D.G.; Santini, A.; Morgovan, C.; Rus, L.L.; Vonica-Țincu, A.L.; Loghin, F. Advantages of hyaluronic acid and its combination with other bioactive ingredients in cosmeceuticals. Molecules, 2021, 26(15), 4429. doi: 10.3390/molecules26154429 PMID: 34361586
  71. Saija, A.; Tomaino, A.; Lo Cascio, R.; Rapisarda, P.; Dederen, J.C. In vitro antioxidant activity and in vivo photoprotective effect of a red orange extract. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci., 1998, 20(6), 331-342. doi: 10.1046/j.1467-2494.1998.177057.x PMID: 18505518
  72. Saliou, C.; Kitazawa, M.; McLaughlin, L.; Yang, J.P.; Lodge, J.K.; Tetsuka, T.; Iwasaki, K.; Cillard, J.; Okamoto, T.; Packer, L. Antioxidants modulate acute solar ultraviolet radiation-induced NF-kappa-B activation in a human keratinocyte cell line. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 1999, 26(1-2), 174-183. doi: 10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00212-3 PMID: 9890652
  73. Anthony, R.M.; MacLeay, J.M.; Gross, K.L. Alpha-lipoic acid as a nutritive supplement for humans and animals: An overview of its use in dog food. Animals, 2021, 11(5), 1454. doi: 10.3390/ani11051454 PMID: 34069383
  74. Packer, L.; Witt, E.H.; Tritschler, H.J. Alpha-lipoic acid as a biological antioxidant. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 1995, 19(2), 227-250. doi: 10.1016/0891-5849(95)00017-R PMID: 7649494
  75. Adhami, V.M.; Syed, D.N.; Khan, N.; Afaq, F. Phytochemicals for prevention of solar ultraviolet radiation-induced damages. Photochem. Photobiol., 2008, 84(2), 489-500. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00293.x PMID: 18266816
  76. Imran, M.; Ghorat, F.; Ul-Haq, I.; Ur-Rehman, H.; Aslam, F.; Heydari, M.; Shariati, M.A.; Okuskhanova, E.; Yessimbekov, Z.; Thiruvengadam, M.; Hashempur, M.H.; Rebezov, M. Lycopene as a natural antioxidant used to prevent human health disorders. Antioxidants, 2020, 9(8), 706.
  77. Anggakusuma; Yanti; Hwang, J.K. Effects of macelignan isolated from Myristica fragrans Houtt. on UVB-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 and cyclooxygenase-2 in HaCaT cells. J. Dermatol. Sci., 2010, 57(2), 114-122. doi: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2009.10.005 PMID: 19914807
  78. Ha, M.T.; Vu, N.K.; Tran, T.H.; Kim, J.A.; Woo, M.H.; Min, B.S. Phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Myristica fragrans Houtt.: An updated review. Arch. Pharm. Res., 2020, 43(11), 1067-1092. doi: 10.1007/s12272-020-01285-4 PMID: 33206347
  79. Song, J.H.; Bae, E.Y.; Choi, G.; Hyun, J.W.; Lee, M.Y.; Lee, H.W.; Chae, S. Protective effect of mango (M angifera indica L.) against UVB-induced skin aging in hairless mice. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed., 2013, 29(2), 84-89. doi: 10.1111/phpp.12030 PMID: 23458392
  80. Hou, S.; Wang, F.; Li, Y.; Li, Y.; Wang, M.; Sun, D.; Sun, C. Pharmacokinetic study of mangiferin in human plasma after oral administration. Food Chem., 2012, 132(1), 289-294. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.10.079 PMID: 26434292
  81. Ebrahimi, A.; Schluesener, H. Natural polyphenols against neurodegenerative disorders: Potentials and pitfalls. Ageing Res. Rev., 2012, 11(2), 329-345. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.01.006 PMID: 22336470
  82. Li, P.; Wu, H.; Wang, Y.; Peng, W.; Su, W. Toxicological evaluation of naringin: Acute, subchronic, and chronic toxicity in Beagle dogs. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 2020, 111, 104580. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2020.104580 PMID: 31954754
  83. de Melo, C.L.; Queiroz, M.G.R.; Fonseca, S.G.C.; Bizerra, A.M.C.; Lemos, T.L.G.; Melo, T.S.; Santos, F.A.; Rao, V.S. Oleanolic acid, a natural triterpenoid improves blood glucose tolerance in normal mice and ameliorates visceral obesity in mice fed a high-fat diet. Chem. Biol. Interact., 2010, 185(1), 59-65. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.02.028 PMID: 20188082
  84. Kim, S.T.; Suh, K.S.; Chae, Y.S.; Kim, H.C. Photoprotective effects of oleanolic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid on the chronic ultraviolet radiation induced cutaneous damages. J. Dermatol. Sci., 1998, 16, S226. doi: 10.1016/S0923-1811(98)84350-8
  85. Lu, Y.F.; Wan, X.L.; Xu, Y.; Liu, J. Repeated oral administration of oleanolic acid produces cholestatic liver injury in mice. Molecules, 2013, 18(3), 3060-3071. doi: 10.3390/molecules18033060 PMID: 23470335
  86. Koul, I.; Kapil, A. Evaluation of the liver protective potential of piperine, an active principle of black and long peppers. Planta Med., 1993, 59(5), 413-417. doi: 10.1055/s-2006-959721 PMID: 8255933
  87. Ziegenhagen, R.; Heimberg, K.; Lampen, A.; Hirsch-Ernst, K.I. Safety aspects of the use of isolated piperine ingested as a bolus. In: Foods, 2021, 10(9), 2121.
  88. Vostálová, J. Zdařilová, A.; Svobodová, A. Prunella vulgaris extract and rosmarinic acid prevent UVB-induced DNA damage and oxidative stress in HaCaT keratinocytes. Arch. Dermatol. Res., 2010, 302(3), 171-181. doi: 10.1007/s00403-009-0999-6 PMID: 19862537
  89. Yehya, A.H.S.; Asif, M.; Kaur, G.; Hassan, L.E.A.; Al-Suede, F.S.R.; Abdul Majid, A.M.S.; Oon, C.E. Toxicological studies of Orthosiphon stamineus (Misai Kucing) standardized ethanol extract in combination with gemcitabine in athymic nude mice model. J. Adv. Res., 2019, 15, 59-68. doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2018.05.006 PMID: 30581613
  90. Hinneburg, I.; Kempe, S.; Rüttinger, H.H.; Neubert, R.H. Antioxidant and photoprotective properties of an extract from buckwheat herb (Fagopyrum esculentum MOENCH). Pharmazie, 2006, 61(3), 237-240. PMID: 16599267
  91. Tiwari, R.; Siddiqui, M.H.; Mahmood, T.; Farooqui, A.; Bagga, P.; Ahsan, F.; Shamim, A.J.C.P. An exploratory analysis on the toxicity & safety profile of Polyherbal combination of curcumin, quercetin and rutin. Clinical Phytoscience, 2020, 6, 1-18. doi: 10.1186/s40816-020-00228-2
  92. Gu, M.; Singh, R.P.; Dhanalakshmi, S.; Agarwal, C.; Agarwal, R. Silibinin inhibits inflammatory and angiogenic attributes in photocarcinogenesis in SKH-1 hairless mice. Cancer Res., 2007, 67(7), 3483-3491. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-3955 PMID: 17409458
  93. Soleimani, V.; Delghandi, P.S.; Moallem, S.A.; Karimi, G. Safety and toxicity of silymarin, the major constituent of milk thistle extract: An updated review. Phytother. Res., 2019, 33(6), 1627-1638. doi: 10.1002/ptr.6361 PMID: 31069872
  94. Ramachandran, S.; Prasad, N.R. Effect of ursolic acid, a triterpenoid antioxidant, on ultraviolet-B radiation-induced cytotoxicity, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in human lymphocytes. Chem. Biol. Interact., 2008, 176(2-3), 99-107. doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.08.010 PMID: 18793624
  95. Wang, Z.H. Anti-glycative effects of asiatic acid in human keratinocyte cells. Biomedicine, 2014, 4(3), 19-19. doi: 10.7603/s40681-014-0019-9 PMID: 25520932
  96. Geerlofs, L.; He, Z.; Xiao, S.; Xiao, Z.C. Repeated dose (90 days) oral toxicity study of ursolic acid in Han-Wistar rats. Toxicol. Rep., 2020, 7, 610-623. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.04.005 PMID: 32435599
  97. Guo, Y.; Ji, R.; Lü, X.; Wan, Y.F.; Jiang, X. The protective effects of sodium selenite and aloin against ultraviolet A radiation. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban, 2011, 42(1), 61-64, 118. PMID: 21355303
  98. Dong, X.; Zeng, Y.; Liu, Y.; You, L.; Yin, X.; Fu, J.; Ni, J. Aloe‐emodin: A review of its pharmacology, toxicity, and pharmacokinetics. Phytother. Res., 2020, 34(2), 270-281. doi: 10.1002/ptr.6532 PMID: 31680350
  99. Guo, X.; Mei, N. Aloe vera: A review of toxicity and adverse clinical effects. J. Environ. Sci. Health Part C Environ. Carcinog. Ecotoxicol. Rev., 2016, 34(2), 77-96. doi: 10.1080/10590501.2016.1166826 PMID: 26986231
  100. Qi, S.; Xin, Y.; Guo, Y.; Diao, Y.; Kou, X.; Luo, L.; Yin, Z. Ampelopsin reduces endotoxic inflammation via repressing ROS-mediated activation of PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling pathways. Int. Immunopharmacol., 2012, 12(1), 278-287. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.12.001 PMID: 22193240
  101. Khan, T.H.; Jahangir, T.; Prasad, L.; Sultana, S. Inhibitory effect of apigenin on benzo(a)pyrene-mediated genotoxicity in Swiss albino mice. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 2010, 58(12), 1655-1660. doi: 10.1211/jpp.58.12.0013 PMID: 17331330
  102. Zenner, L.; Callait, M.P.; Granier, C.; Chauve, C. In vitro effect of essential oils from Cinnamomum aromaticum, Citrus limon and Allium sativum on two intestinal flagellates of poultry, Tetratrichomonas gallinarum and Histomonas meleagridis. Parasite, 2003, 10(2), 153-157. doi: 10.1051/parasite/2003102153 PMID: 12847923
  103. Campbell, G.D., Jr; Steinberg, M.H.; Bower, J.D. Letter: Ascorbic acid-induced hemolysis in G-6-PD deficiency. Ann. Intern. Med., 1975, 82(6), 810-810. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-82-6-810_1 PMID: 1138591
  104. Singh, N.; Sharma, B. Toxicological effects of berberine and sanguinarine. Front. Mol. Biosci., 2018, 5, 21. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2018.00021 PMID: 29616225
  105. Russo, A.; Cardile, V.; Caggia, S.; Gunther, G.; Troncoso, N.; Garbarino, J. Boldo prevents UV light and nitric oxide-mediated plasmid DNA damage and reduces the expression of Hsp70 protein in melanoma cancer cells. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 2011, 63(9), 1219-1229. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01320.x PMID: 21827495
  106. Si, Y-X.; Ji, S.; Wang, W.; Fang, N-Y.; Jin, Q-X.; Park, Y-D.; Qian, G-Y.; Lee, J.; Han, H-Y.; Yin, S-J. Effects of boldine on tyrosinase: Inhibition kinetics and computational simulation. Process Biochem., 2013, 48(1), 152-161.
  107. Leboeuf, M.; Cavé, A.; Provost, J.; Tiberghien, R.; Forgacs, P. Alkaloids of Monimia rotundifolia pet.-th.; preparation of laurotetanine derived compounds with antiarrhythmic properties (author’s transl). Ann. Pharm. Fr., 1980, 38(6), 537-544. PMID: 7283352
  108. Hüsch, J.; Bohnet, J.; Fricker, G.; Skarke, C.; Artaria, C.; Appendino, G.; Schubert-Zsilavecz, M.; Abdel-Tawab, M. Enhanced absorption of boswellic acids by a lecithin delivery form (Phytosome®) of Boswellia extract. Fitoterapia, 2013, 84, 89-98. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2012.10.002 PMID: 23092618
  109. Saija, A.; Tomaino, A.; Trombetta, D.; De Pasquale, A.; Uccella, N.; Barbuzzi, T.; Paolino, D.; Bonina, F. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of caffeic and ferulic acids as topical photoprotective agents. Int. J. Pharm., 2000, 199(1), 39-47. doi: 10.1016/S0378-5173(00)00358-6 PMID: 10794925
  110. Mandade, R.; Sreenivas, S.A.; Sakarkar, D.M.; Choudhury, A. Radical scavenging and antioxidant activity of Hibiscus rosasinensis extract. Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 2011, 5(17), 2027-2034.
  111. Shin, J.W.; Kwon, S.H.; Choi, J.Y.; Na, J.I.; Huh, C.H.; Choi, H.R.; Park, K.C. Molecular mechanisms of dermal aging and antiaging approaches. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2019, 20(9), 2126. doi: 10.3390/ijms20092126 PMID: 31036793
  112. Ohta, S.; Furukawa, M.; Shinoda, M. Studies on chemical protectors against radiation. XXIII. Radioprotective activities of ferulic acid and its related compounds. Yakugaku Zasshi, 1984, 104(7), 793-797. doi: 10.1248/yakushi1947.104.7_793 PMID: 6502467
  113. Conney, A.H.; Kramata, P.; Lou, Y.R.; Lu, Y.P. Effect of caffeine on UVB-induced carcinogenesis, apoptosis, and the elimination of UVB-induced patches of p53 mutant epidermal cells in SKH-1 mice. Photochem. Photobiol., 2008, 84(2), 330-338. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00263.x PMID: 18179623
  114. Adamson, R.H. The acute lethal dose 50 (LD50) of caffeine in albino rats. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 2016, 80, 274-276. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.07.011 PMID: 27461039
  115. Offord, E.A.; Gautier, J.C.; Avanti, O.; Scaletta, C.; Runge, F.; Krämer, K.; Applegate, L.A. Photoprotective potential of lycopene, β-carotene, vitamin E, vitamin C and carnosic acid in UVA-irradiated human skin fibroblasts. Free Radic. Biol. Med., 2002, 32(12), 1293-1303. doi: 10.1016/S0891-5849(02)00831-6 PMID: 12057767
  116. Svobodová, A.; Psotová, J.; Walterová, D. Natural phenolics in the prevention of UV-induced skin damage. A review. Biomed. Pap. Med. Fac. Univ. Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub., 2003, 147(2), 137-145. doi: 10.5507/bp.2003.019 PMID: 15037894
  117. Wang, Q.L.; Li, H.; Li, X.X.; Cui, C.Y.; Wang, R.; Yu, N.X.; Chen, L.X. Acute and 30-day oral toxicity studies of administered carnosic acid. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2012, 50(12), 4348-4355.
  118. Seybold, C.; Fröhlich, K.; Bitsch, R.; Otto, K.; Böhm, V. Changes in contents of carotenoids and vitamin E during tomato processing. J. Agric. Food Chem., 2004, 52(23), 7005-7010. doi: 10.1021/jf049169c PMID: 15537310
  119. Burton, G.W.; Mogg, T.J.; Stupak, J.; Stark, F.C.; Twine, S.M.; Li, J. Safety and uptake of fully oxidized β-carotene. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2022, 168, 113387.
  120. Luximon-Ramma, A.; Bahorun, T.; Crozier, A.; Zbarsky, V.; Datla, K.P.; Dexter, D.T.; Aruoma, O.I. Characterization of the antioxidant functions of flavonoids and proanthocyanidins in Mauritian black teas. Food Res. Int., 2005, 38(4), 357-367. doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2004.10.005
  121. Uzun, F.G.; Demir, F.; Kalender, S.; Bas, H.; Kalender, Y. Protective effect of catechin and quercetin on chlorpyrifos-induced lung toxicity in male rats. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2010, 48(6), 1714-1720.
  122. Svobodová, A.; Rambousková, J.; Walterová, D.; Vostálová, J. Protective effects of phenolic fraction of blue honeysuckle fruits against UVA-induced damage to human keratinocytes. Arch. Dermatol. Res., 2008, 300(5), 225-233. doi: 10.1007/s00403-008-0850-5 PMID: 18404271
  123. Krishnaraju, A.V.; Sundararaju, D.; Sengupta, K.; Venkateswarlu, S.; Trimurtulu, G. Safety and toxicological evaluation of demethylatedcurcuminoids; a novel standardized curcumin product. Toxicol. Mech. Methods, 2009, 19(6-7), 447-460. doi: 10.1080/15376510903200766 PMID: 19778247
  124. Afaq, F.; Mukhtar, H. Botanical antioxidants in the prevention of photocarcinogenesis and photoaging. Exp. Dermatol., 2006, 15(9), 678-684. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2006.00466.x PMID: 16881964
  125. Qamar, M.; Akhtar, S.; Ismail, T.; Wahid, M.; Ali, S.; Nazir, Y.; Murtaza, S.; Abbas, M.W.; Ziora, Z.M. Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels extracts; in vivo anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory, acute and subacute toxicity assessment. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2022, 287, 114919. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114919 PMID: 34995693
  126. Sethiya, N.K.; Shekh, M.R.; Singh, P.K. Wild banana Ensete superbum (Roxb.) Cheesman.: Ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological overview. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2019, 233, 218-233.
  127. Bae, J.Y.; Choi, J.S.; Kang, S.W.; Lee, Y.J.; Park, J.; Kang, Y.H. Dietary compound ellagic acid alleviates skin wrinkle and inflammation induced by UV-B irradiation. Exp. Dermatol., 2010, 19(8), e182-e190. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.01044.x PMID: 20113347
  128. Hseu, Y.C.; Chou, C.W.; Senthil Kumar, K.J.; Fu, K.T.; Wang, H.M.; Hsu, L.S.; Kuo, Y.H.; Wu, C.R.; Chen, S.C.; Yang, H.L. Ellagic acid protects human keratinocyte (HaCaT) cells against UVA-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis through the upregulation of the HO-1 and Nrf-2 antioxidant genes. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2012, 50(5), 1245-1255.
  129. Bourne, L.C.; Rice-Evans, C. Bioavailability of ferulic acid. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 1998, 253(2), 222-227. doi: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.9681 PMID: 9878519
  130. Juliana, C.; Lister, I.N.E.; Girsang, E.; Nasution, A.N.; Widowati, W. Antioxidant and elastase inhibitor from Black Soybean (Glycine max L.) and its compound (Daidzein). J. Biomed. Translat. Res., 2020, 6(1), 11-14.
  131. Sarkar, N.; Das, B.; Bishayee, A.; Sinha, D.J.A. Arsenal of phytochemicals to combat against arsenic-induced mitochondrial stress and cancer. Antioxid. Redox Signal., 2020, 33(17), 1230-1256. doi: 10.1089/ars.2019.7950
  132. Laddha, A.P.; Murugesan, S.; Kulkarni, Y.A. In-vivo and in-silico toxicity studies of daidzein: An isoflavone from soy. Drug Chem. Toxicol., 2022, 45(3), 1408-1416. doi: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1833906 PMID: 33059469
  133. Zick, S.M.; Djuric, Z.; Ruffin, M.T.; Litzinger, A.J.; Normolle, D.P.; Alrawi, S.; Feng, M.R.; Brenner, D.E. Pharmacokinetics of 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol, and 6-shogaol and conjugate metabolites in healthy human subjects. Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev., 2008, 17(8), 1930-1936. doi: 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-07-2934 PMID: 18708382
  134. Zhao, Q.; Yang, M.; Deng, Y.; Yu, H.; Wang, L.; Teng, F.; Cho, K.; Ma, H.; Wu, P.; Li, X.; Wu, W.; Liu, X.; Xu, F.; Jiang, B.; Guo, D.A. The safety evaluation of Salvianolic Acid B and Ginsenoside Rg1 Combination on Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 2015, 16(12), 29345-29356. doi: 10.3390/ijms161226176 PMID: 26690140
  135. Marianecci, C.; Rinaldi, F.; Mastriota, M.; Pieretti, S.; Trapasso, E.; Paolino, D.; Carafa, M. Anti-inflammatory activity of novel ammonium glycyrrhizinate/niosomes delivery system: Human and murine models. J. Control. Release, 2012, 164(1), 17-25.
  136. Karimani, A.; Heidarpour, M.; Moghaddam Jafari, A. Protective effects of glycyrrhizin on sub-chronic diazinon-induced biochemical, hematological alterations and oxidative stress indices in male Wistar rats. Drug Chem. Toxicol., 2019, 42(3), 300-308. doi: 10.1080/01480545.2018.1497053 PMID: 30203683
  137. Tsai, Y.H.; Lee, K.F.; Huang, Y.B.; Huang, C.T.; Wu, P.C. In vitro permeation and in vivo whitening effect of topical hesperetin microemulsion delivery system. Int. J. Pharm., 2010, 388(1-2), 257-262. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.12.051 PMID: 20060453
  138. Li, Y.; Kandhare, A.D.; Mukherjee, A.A.; Bodhankar, S.L. Acute and sub-chronic oral toxicity studies of hesperidin isolated from orange peel extract in Sprague Dawley rats. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 2019, 105, 77-85. doi: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.04.001 PMID: 30991075
  139. Hwang, Y.P.; Oh, K.N.; Yun, H.J.; Jeong, H.G. The flavonoids apigenin and luteolin suppress ultraviolet A-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 expression via MAPKs and AP-1-dependent signaling in HaCaT cells. J. Dermatol. Sci., 2011, 61(1), 23-31. doi: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2010.10.016 PMID: 21112745
  140. Riso, P.; Brusamolino, A.; Scalfi, L.; Porrini, M. Bioavailability of carotenoids from spinach and tomatoes. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis., 2004, 14(3), 150-156. doi: 10.1016/S0939-4753(04)80035-8 PMID: 15330274
  141. Astner, S.; Wu, A.; Chen, J.; Philips, N.; Rius-Diaz, F.; Parrado, C.; Mihm, M.C.; Goukassian, D.A.; Pathak, M.A.; González, S. Dietary lutein/zeaxanthin partially reduces photoaging and photocarcinogenesis in chronically UVB-irradiated Skh-1 hairless mice. Skin Pharmacol. Physiol., 2007, 20(6), 283-291. doi: 10.1159/000107576 PMID: 17717424
  142. Kamoshita, M.; Toda, E.; Osada, H.; Narimatsu, T.; Kobayashi, S.; Tsubota, K.; Ozawa, Y. Lutein acts via multiple antioxidant pathways in the photo-stressed retina. Sci. Rep., 2016, 6(1), 30226. doi: 10.1038/srep30226 PMID: 27444056
  143. Owumi, S.E.; Nwozo, S.O.; Arunsi, U.O.; Oyelere, A.K.; Odunola, O.A. Co-administration of Luteolin mitigated toxicity in rats’ lungs associated with doxorubicin treatment. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 2021, 411, 115380. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115380 PMID: 33358696
  144. Basile, A.; Ferrara, L.; Pezzo, M.D.; Mele, G.; Sorbo, S.; Bassi, P.; Montesano, D. Antibacterial and antioxidant activities of ethanol extract from Paullinia cupana Mart. J. Ethnopharmacol., 2005, 102(1), 32-36. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2005.05.038 PMID: 16040216
  145. Kimura, Y.; Sumiyoshi, M. French maritime pine bark (Pinus maritima Lam.) extract (Flavangenol) prevents chronic UVB radiation-induced skin damage and carcinogenesis in melanin-possessing hairless mice. Photochem. Photobiol., 2010, 86(4), 955-963. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00751.x PMID: 20497364
  146. Lluís, L.; Muñoz, M.; Nogués, M.R.; Sánchez-Martos, V.; Romeu, M.; Giralt, M.; Valls, J.; Solà, R. Toxicology evaluation of a procyanidin-rich extract from grape skins and seeds. Food Chem. Toxicol., 2011, 49(6), 1450-1454.
  147. Bonina, F.; Puglia, C.; Ventura, D.; Aquino, R.; Tortora, S.; Sacchi, A.; Saija, A.; Tomaino, A.; Pellegrino, M.L.; de Caprariis, P. In vitro antioxidant and in vivo photoprotective effects of a lyophilized extract of Capparis spinosa L buds. J. Cosmet. Sci., 2002, 53(6), 321-335. PMID: 12512010
  148. Bose, S.; Du, Y.; Takhistov, P.; Michniak-Kohn, B. Formulation optimization and topical delivery of quercetin from solid lipid based nanosystems. Int. J. Pharm., 2013, 441(1-2), 56-66. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.12.013 PMID: 23262430
  149. Fonseca, Y.M.; Catini, C.D.; Vicentini, F.T.M.C.; Cardoso, J.C.; Cavalcanti De Albuquerque, Junior, R.L.; Vieira Fonseca, M.J. Efficacy of marigold extract-loaded formulations against UV-induced oxidative stress. J. Pharm. Sci., 2011, 100(6), 2182-2193. doi: 10.1002/jps.22438 PMID: 21491442
  150. Salehi, B.; Machin, L.; Monzote, L.; Sharifi-Rad, J.; Ezzat, S.M.; Salem, M.A.; Merghany, R.M.; El Mahdy, N.M. Kılıç, C.S.; Sytar, O.; Sharifi-Rad, M.; Sharopov, F.; Martins, N.; Martorell, M.; Cho, W.C. Therapeutic Potential of Quercetin: New Insights and Perspectives for Human Health. ACS Omega, 2020, 5(20), 11849-11872. doi: 10.1021/acsomega.0c01818 PMID: 32478277
  151. Chen, R.; Lin, J.; Hong, J.; Han, D.; Zhang, A.D.; Lan, R.; Fu, L.; Wu, Z.; Lin, J.; Zhang, W.; Wang, Z.; Chen, W.; Chen, C.; Zhang, H. Potential toxicity of quercetin: The repression of mitochondrial copy number via decreased POLG expression and excessive TFAM expression in irradiated murine bone marrow. Toxicol. Rep., 2014, 1, 450-458. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2014.07.014 PMID: 28962259
  152. Waffo Teguo, P.; Fauconneau, B.; Deffieux, G.; Huguet, F.; Vercauteren, J.; Mérillon, J.M. Isolation, identification, and antioxidant activity of three stilbene glucosides newly extracted from vitis vinifera cell cultures. J. Nat. Prod., 1998, 61(5), 655-657. doi: 10.1021/np9704819 PMID: 9599270
  153. Jawad, R.A.; Sahib, H.B. Estimation the safety of parenteral resveratrol in mice. J Iraqi Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2022, 31(1), 167-175.
  154. EL-Hak. H.N.G.; ELaraby, E.E.; Hassan, A.K.; Abbas, O.A. Study of the toxic effect and safety of vitamin E supplement in male albino rats after 30 days of repeated treatment. Heliyon, 2019, 5(10), e02645. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02645 PMID: 31667433
  155. Mohamad, E.A.; Aly, A.A.; Khalaf, A.A.; Ahmed, M.I.; Kamel, R.M.; Abdelnaby, S.M.; Abdelzaher, Y.H.; Sedrak, M.G.; Mousa, S.A. Evaluation of natural bioactive-derived punicalagin niosomes in skin-aging processes accelerated by oxidant and ultraviolet radiation. Drug Des. Devel. Ther., 2021, 15, 3151-3162. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S316247 PMID: 34321865
  156. Álvarez-Cervantes, P.; Izquierdo-Vega, J.A.; Morán-León, J.; Guerrero-Solano, J.A.; García-Pérez, B.E.; Cancino-Díaz, J.C.; Belefant-Miller, H.; Betanzos-Cabrera, G. Subacute and subchronic toxicity of microencapsulated pomegranate juice in rats and mice. Toxicol. Res., 2021, 10(2), 312-324. doi: 10.1093/toxres/tfab013 PMID: 33884181
  157. Duan, X.; Wu, T.; Liu, T.; Yang, H.; Ding, X.; Chen, Y.; Mu, Y. Vicenin-2 ameliorates oxidative damage and photoaging via modulation of MAPKs and MMPs signaling in UVB radiation exposed human skin cells. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 2019, 190, 76-85. doi: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.11.018 PMID: 30502588
  158. Klinngam, W.; Rungkamoltip, P.; Thongin, S.; Joothamongkhon, J.; Khumkhrong, P.; Khongkow, M.; Namdee, K.; Tepaamorndech, S.; Chaikul, P.; Kanlayavattanakul, M.; Lourith, N.; Piboonprai, K.; Ruktanonchai, U.; Asawapirom, U.; Iempridee, T. Polymethoxyflavones from Kaempferia parviflora ameliorate skin aging in primary human dermal fibroblasts and ex vivo human skin. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie, 2022, 145, 112461.
  159. Suekawa, M.; Ishige, A.; Yuasa, K.; Sudo, K.; Aburada, M.; Hosoya, E. Pharmacological studies on Ginger. I. Pharmacological actions of pungent constituents, (6)-gingerol and (6)-shogaol. J. Pharmacobiodyn., 1984, 7(11), 836-848. doi: 10.1248/bpb1978.7.836 PMID: 6335723
  160. Wang, M-L.; Zhong, Q-Y.; Lin, B-Q.; Liu, Y-H.; Huang, Y-F.; Chen, Y.; Yuan, J.; Su, Z-R.; Zhan, J.Y-X. Andrographolide sodium bisulfate attenuates UV induced photo damage by activating the keap1/Nrf2 pathway and downregulating the NF κB pathway in HaCaT keratinocytes. Int. J. Mol. Med., 2020, 45(2), 343-352. PMID: 31789424
  161. Worasuttayangkurn, L.; Nakareangrit, W.; Kwangjai, J.; Sritangos, P.; Pholphana, N.; Watcharasit, P.; Rangkadilok, N.; Thiantanawat, A.; Satayavivad, J. Acute oral toxicity evaluation of Andrographis paniculata-standardized first true leaf ethanolic extract. Toxicol. Rep., 2019, 6, 426-430. doi: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.05.003 PMID: 31193040
  162. Zeng, B.; Wei, A.; Zhou, Q.; Yuan, M.; Lei, K.; Liu, Y.; Song, J.; Guo, L.; Ye, Q. Andrographolide: A review of its pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, toxicity and clinical trials and pharmaceutical researches. Phytother. Res., 2022, 36(1), 336-364. doi: 10.1002/ptr.7324
  163. Couteau, C.; Faure, A.; Fortin, J.; Paparis, E.; Coiffard, L.J.M. Study of the photostability of 18 sunscreens in creams by measuring the SPF in vitro. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 2007, 44(1), 270-273. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.01.052 PMID: 17367977
  164. Bleasel, M.D.; Aldous, S. In vitro evaluation of sun protection factors of sunscreen agents using a novel UV spectrophotometric technique. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci., 2008, 30(4), 259-270. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2008.00453.x PMID: 18713072
  165. Chen-Yang, Y.W.; Chen, Y.T.; Li, C.C.; Yu, H.C.; Chuang, Y.C.; Su, J.H.; Lin, Y.T. Preparation of UV-filter encapsulated mesoporous silica with high sunscreen ability. Mater. Lett., 2011, 65(6), 1060-1062. doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2010.12.034
  166. Mishra, A.; Mishra, A.; Chattopadhyay, P.J. Herbal cosmeceuticals for photoprotection from ultraviolet B radiation: a review. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2011, 10(3) doi: 10.4314/tjpr.v10i3.7
  167. Mishra, A. K.; Mishra, A.; Chattopadhyay, P. J. Evaluation of sun protection factor of some marketed formulations of sunscreens by ultraviolet spectroscopic method., 2011, 5(1), 32-35.
  168. Li, H.; Colantonio, S.; Dawson, A.; Lin, X.; Beecker, J. Sunscreen application, safety, and sun protection: The evidence. J. Cutan. Med. Surg., 2019, 23(4), 357-369. doi: 10.1177/1203475419856611 PMID: 31219707
  169. Kertész, Z.; Szikszai, Z.; Gontier, E.; Moretto, P.; Surlève-Bazeille, J.E.; Kiss, B.; Juhász, I.; Hunyadi, J.; Kiss, Á.Z. Nuclear microprobe study of TiO2-penetration in the epidermis of human skin xenografts. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B, 2005, 231(1-4), 280-285. doi: 10.1016/j.nimb.2005.01.071
  170. Szikszai, Z.; Kertész, Z.; Bodnár, E.; Major, I.; Borbíró, I.; Kiss, Á.Z.; Hunyadi, J. Nuclear microprobe investigation of the penetration of ultrafine zinc oxide into intact and tape-stripped human skin. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B, 2010, 268(11-12), 2160-2163. doi: 10.1016/j.nimb.2010.02.040
  171. Geoffrey, K.; Mwangi, A. N.; Maru, S. M. Sunscreen products: Rationale for use, formulation development and regulatory considerations. Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society, 2019, 27(7), 1009-1018.
  172. Morpurgo, G.; Babudri, N.; Fioretti, B.; Franciolini, F.; Catacuzzeno, L. Synthetic aromatic compounds interfering with melanogenesis are responsible of the rising trend of malignant melanoma incidence. Med. Hypotheses, 2011, 76(3), 374-377. doi: 10.1016/j.mehy.2010.10.044 PMID: 21095068
  173. Saric, S.; Clark, A.K.; Sivamani, R.K.; Lio, P.A.; Lev-Tov, H.A. The role of polyphenols in rosacea treatment: A systematic review. J. Altern. Complement. Med., 2017, 23(12), 920-929. doi: 10.1089/acm.2016.0398 PMID: 28650692
  174. Wu, J. Treatment of rosacea with herbal ingredients. J. Drugs Dermatol., 2006, 5(1), 29-32. PMID: 16468289
  175. Chien, A.L.; Qi, J.; Grandhi, R.; Kim, N.; César, S.S.A.; Harris-Tryon, T.; Jang, M.S.; Olowoyeye, O.; Kuhn, D.; Leung, S.; Rainer, B.M.; Poon, F.; Suh, J.; Cheng, N.; Okoye, G.A.; Kang, S. Effect of age, gender, and sun exposure on ethnic skin photoaging: evidence gathered using a new photonumeric scale. J. Natl. Med. Assoc., 2018, 110(2), 176-181. doi: 10.1016/j.jnma.2017.05.001 PMID: 29580452
  176. Ma, Y.; Yoo, J. History of sunscreen: An updated view. J. Cosmet. Dermatol., 2021, 20(4), 1044-1049. doi: 10.1111/jocd.14004 PMID: 33583116
  177. Emri, G.; Paragh, G.; Tósaki, Á.; Janka, E.; Kollár, S. Hegedűs, C.; Gellén, E.; Horkay, I.; Koncz, G.; Remenyik, É. Ultraviolet radiation-mediated development of cutaneous melanoma: An update. J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, 2018, 185, 169-175. doi: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2018.06.005 PMID: 29936410
  178. Mukherjee, P.K.; Bahadur, S.; Chaudhary, S.K.; Harwansh, R.K.; Nema, N.K. Validation of Medicinal Herbs for Skin Aging. In: Evidence-Based Validation of Herbal Medicine; Mukherjee, P.K., Ed.; Elsevier: Boston, 2015, pp. 119-147. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12-800874-4.00005-2
  179. Pradhan, M.; Alexander, A.; Singh, M. R.; Singh, D.; Saraf, S.; Saraf, S. Understanding the prospective of nano-formulations towards the treatment of psoriasis. Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie, 2018, 107, 447-463.
  180. Harwansh, R.K.; Deshmukh, R.; Rahman, M.A. Nanoemulsion: Promising nanocarrier system for delivery of herbal bioactives. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol., 2019, 51, 224-233. doi: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.03.006

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

Copyright (c) 2024 Bentham Science Publishers