<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">The Russian Journal of Vietnamese Studies</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">The Russian Journal of Vietnamese Studies</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Вьетнамские исследования</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="electronic">2618-9453</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Institute of China and Contemporary Asia of the RAS</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">704167</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.54631/VS.2026.102-704167</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Scientific researches</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Huaqiao in the border conflict between PRC and SRV in 1979</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Хуацяо в пограничном конфликте между КНР и СРВ в 1979 г.</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7821-8223</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kudryavtsev</surname><given-names>Vladislav Yu.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кудрявцев</surname><given-names>Владислав Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ph.D (Historical sciences), Assistant of the Department of Russian History</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. ист. наук, ассистент кафедры истории России</p></bio><email>kudrvl62@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kursk State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Курский государственный университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-07-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>10</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>72</fpage><lpage>86</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-03-12"><day>12</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-07-07"><day>07</day><month>07</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Kudryavtsev V.Y.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Кудрявцев В.Ю.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kudryavtsev V.Y.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кудрявцев В.Ю.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vietnamjournal.ru/2618-9453/article/view/704167">https://vietnamjournal.ru/2618-9453/article/view/704167</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article analyzes the process and effectiveness of the PRC's use of ethnic Chinese living in Vietnam as a tool of hybrid warfare against Vietnam in 1978–1979. Turning to the history of the Chinese community, the author concludes that by the end of the 1970s, most Huaqiao were sufficiently assimilated and saw themselves as part of a society that had chosen the path of building socialism. The main events of the operation “Nanqiao” (organizing the departure of ethnic to the territory of the PRC) are considered. It is noted that Beijing achieved limited results by failing to destabilize the domestic political situation in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam before the start of a direct military clash on February 17, 1979. The paper presents little-known information about the participation of collaborators among the Huaqiao in the fighting on the side of China. The research is based on memoirs and eyewitness accounts of the events in question, travel essays by Soviet journalists, materials from the Russian periodical press, and documents from the State Archive of the Russian Federation.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье анализируется ситуация с этническими китайцами, проживавшими в СРВ, в период резкого обострения китайско-вьетнамских отношений в 1978–1979 гг. Обращаясь к истории китайской общины во Вьетнаме автор приходит к заключению, что к концу 1970-х гг. большинство хуацяо были в достаточной степени ассимилированы и видели себя в качестве части социума, выбравшего путь построения социализма. Рассмотрены основные события операции «Наньцяо» по организации отъезда этнических китайцев на территорию КНР, при этом отмечено, что Пекин не сумел достичь желаемого результата и дестабилизировать внутриполитическую ситуацию в СРВ перед началом прямого военного столкновения в феврале 1979 г. В работе представлены малоизвестные сведения об участии коллаборационистов из числа хуацяо в боевых действиях на стороне Китая. Исследование базируется на мемуарах и свидетельствах очевидцев рассматриваемых событий, путевых очерках советских журналистов, материалах отечественной периодической печати, документах Государственного архива Российской Федерации.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Huaqiao</kwd><kwd>Vietnamese-Chinese border war</kwd><kwd>hybrid warfare</kwd><kwd>the SRV</kwd><kwd>the PRC</kwd><kwd>operation Nanqiao</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>хуацяо</kwd><kwd>китайско-вьетнамский пограничный конфликт</kwd><kwd>гибридная война</kwd><kwd>СРВ</kwd><kwd>КНР</kwd><kwd>операция Наньцяо</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Afonas'eva A.V. (2021). Diasporal'naya politika KNR v epohu Den Syaopina (1977—1992 gg.) [China's Diaspora Policy during the Deng Xiaoping Era (1977-1992)]. Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriya i sovremennost' [East. Afro-Asian Societies: History and Modernity], 6: 225–236. DOI: 10.31857/S086919080014264-7. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Афонасьева А.В. Диаспоральная политика КНР в эпоху Дэн Сяопина (1977—1992 гг.) // Восток. Афро-азиатские общества: история и современность. 2021. № 6. С. 225–236. DOI: 10.31857/S086919080014264-7.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amer R. (1998). The Study of the “Hoa” Ethnic Group in Vietnam: Trends, Issues and Challenges. The International Conference on “Vietnamese Studies and the Enhancement of International Cooperation”. Hanoi: Vietnam National University, National Centre for Social Sciences and Human Sciences of Vietnam. 36 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Галенович Ю.М. Трактовка в КНР «войны нового Китая с Вьетнамом» в 1979 г. // Актуальные проблемы вьетнамоведения – 2019: вьетнамо-китайские отношения после войны 1979 года: Сб. ст. М.: ИДВ РАН, 2019. С. 45–56.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Amer R. (2008). The “Boat People” Crisis Revisited Through an Examination of the Ethnic Chinese Dimension. 11th Conference of the International Association of the Study of Forced Migration “Refugees and Forced Migrants at the Crossroads: Forced Migration in a Changing World”. Cairo. 23 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Государственный архив Российской Федерации (ГАРФ). Ф. Р-4459. Оп. 43. Д. 21287; 21288; 21297.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Butterfield F. (1979). Hanoi Regime Reported Resolved to Oust Nearly All Ethnic Chinese. The New York Times. June 12.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ГАРФ. Ф. 10049. Оп. 1а. Д. 4502.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chan Han'. (1999). Kitajskaya etnicheskaya obshchina vo V'etname: problemy i tendencii evolyucii s konca XIX do konca XX v. [The Chinese Ethnic Community in Vietnam: Challenges and Trends from the Late 19th to the Late 20th Centuries]. Diss. ... Dr. of Historical Sciences. SPb. 318 s. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Глазунов Е.П. К 35-летию китайско-вьетнамского вооруженного конфликта // ЮВА: актуальные проблемы развития. 2014. № 23. С. 117–125. URL: https://sea.ivran.ru/articles?artid=6599 (дата обращения: 19.11.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">[Dèng Xiǎopíng] (1979). Vystupleniya i vyskazyvaniya Den Syaopina [Speeches and Statements by Deng Xiaoping]. Moscow: Progress. 284 s. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Глазунов О.Н. Китайская угроза. М.: Эксмо; Алгоритм-книга, 2010. 256 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dolinski M. (2004). Identity Changes of the Chinese Community in Vietnam: A Survey of 20 Families in Cholon. International Conference on “Search or Interfaces: Interdisciplinary and Area Studies in Southeast Asia and the Pacific”. Marseille: University of Provence: 192–208. URL: https://www.rchss.sinica.edu.tw/files_news/1181_5dbdeb1b.pdf (accessed: 07.01.2026).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Гу Цзецзин История китайской эмиграции: основные этапы развития // European Journal of Arts. 2016. № 3. С. 59–61. DOI: 10.20534/EJA-16-3-59-61.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Galenovich Yu. M. (2019). Traktovka v KNR «vojny novogo Kitaya s V'etnamom» v 1979 g. [China’s Interpretation of the “New China’s War with Vietnam” in 1979]. Aktual’nye problemy v’etnamovedeniya – 2019: v’etnamo-kitajskie otnosheniya posle vojny 1979 goda: Sbornik statej [Current Issues in Vietnam Studies – 2019: Vietnam-China Relations after the 1979 War: Collection of Articles]. Moscow: IDV RAN: 45–56. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">[Дэн Сяопин]. Выступления и высказывания Дэн Сяопина. М.: Прогресс, 1979. 284 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GARF. F. 10049. Op. 1a. D. 4502.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жуков Ю., Щедров И. В краю Светлой, Красной и Черной рек // Нева. 1982. № 7. С. 140–155.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glazunov E.P. (2014). K 35-letiyu kitajsko-v'etnamskogo vooruzhennogo konflikta [On the 35th Anniversary of the Sino-Vietnamese Armed Conflict]. Yugo-Vostochnaya Aziya: aktual’nye problemy razvitiya [Southeast Asia: Current Development Issues], 23: 117–125. URL: https://sea.ivran.ru/articles?artid=6599 (In Russ.) (accessed: 19.11.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жуков Ю., Щедров И. Вьетнам, 1980 // Огонек. 1980. № 24. С. 24–25.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glazunov O.N. (2010). Kitajskaya ugroza [The Chinese Threat]. M.: Eksmo: Algoritm. 256 p. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Жуков Ю., Щедров И. Город Хошимин, 1980: странички из путевых дневников // Огонек. 1980. № 31. С. 17–19.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gosudarstvennyj arhiv Rossijskoj Federacii (GARF) [State Archive of the Russian Federation]. F. R-4459. Op 43. D. 21287; 21288; 21297.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ильинский М.М. Индокитай: Пепел четырех войн (1939–1979 гг.). М.: Вече, 2000. 512 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gu Czeczin (2016). Istoriya kitajskoj emigracii: osnovnye etapy razvitiya [The History of Chinese Emigration: Key Stages of Development]. European Journal of Arts, 3: 59–61. DOI: 10.20534/EJA-16-3-59-61. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Козлов А.А. Подрывная деятельность маоистов в Юго-Восточной Азии. М., 1980. 135 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Il’inskij M.M. (2000). Indokitaj: Pepel chetyrekh vojn (1939–1979) [Indochina: The Ashes of Four Wars (1939–1979)]. M.: Veche. 512 s. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Конорева И.А. Проблемы Индокитая на завершающем этапе холодной войны и политика СССР // Ученые записки: электронный научный журнал Курского гос. ун-та. 2011. № 3(19). С. 281–288. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/problemy-indokitaya-na-zavershayuschem-etape-holodnoy-voyny-i-politika-sssr/viewer (дата обращения: 23.11.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Konoreva I.A. (2011). Problemy Indokitaya na zavershayushchem etape holodnoj vojny i politika SSSR [The Problems of Indochina in the Final Stage of the Cold War and the USSR's Policy]. Uchenye zapiski. Elektronnyj nauchnyj zhurnal Kurskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta [Scientific Notes. Electronic Scientific Journal of Kursk State University], 3(19): 281–288. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/problemy-indokitaya-na-zavershayuschem-etape-holodnoy-voyny-i-politika-sssr/viewer (In Russ.) (accessed: 23.11.2025)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Котова Т.М. Китайская община Вьетнама – политическое орудие в руках Пекина // Проблемы Дальнего Востока. 1978. № 4. С. 94–107.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kotova T.M. (1978). Kitajskaya obshchina V'etnama – politicheskoe orudie v rukah Pekina [The Chinese Community in Vietnam is a Political Tool in Beijing's Hands]. Problemy Dal’nego Vostoka [Problems of the Far East], 4: 94–107. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Котова Т.М. Курс Пекина на использование зарубежной китайской буржуазии // Проблемы Дальнего Востока. 1978. № 2. С. 104–116.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kotova T.M. (1978). Kurs Pekina na ispol'zovanie zarubezhnoj kitajskoj burzhuazii [Beijing's Policy of Using the Foreign Chinese Bourgeoisie]. Problemy Dal’nego Vostoka [Problems of the Far East], 2: 104—116. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лайнгер С.Р. Социальная организация китайских мигрантов – хуацяо // Народы Азии и Африки. 1978. № 4. С. 190–198.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozlov A.A. (1980). Podryvnaya deyatel'nost' maoistov v Yugo-Vostochnoj Azii [The Subversive Activities of the Maoists in Southeast Asia]. M. 135 s. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Локшин Г.М. «Забытая война»: мотивы, последствия, уроки // Актуальные проблемы вьетнамоведения – 2019: вьетнамо-китайские отношения после войны 1979 года: Сб. ст. М.: ИДВ РАН, 2019. С. 13–44.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lajnger S.R. (1978). Social’naya organizaciya kitajskih migrantov – huacyao [The Social Organization of Chinese Migrants – Huaqiao]. Narody Azii i Afriki [The Peoples of Asia and Africa], 4: 190–198. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мазырин В.М. Вьетнамское общество и рабочий класс на рубеже 1970–1980-х годов. М.: Наука, 1984. 169 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lam T. (2000). The Exodus of Hoa Refugees from Vietnam and their Settlement in Guangxi: China's Refugee Settlement Strategies. Journal of Refugee Studies, 13(4): 374–390. DOI: 10.1093/jrs/13.4.374.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мамлеев Д.Ф. Нет ничего дороже // Советская культура. 09.01.1980.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lokshin G.M. (2019). “Zabytaya vojna”: motivy, posledstviya, uroki [“The Forgotten War”: Motives, Consequences, and Lessons]. Aktual’nye problemy v'etnamovedeniya – 2019: v'etnamo-kitajskie otnosheniya posle vojny 1979 goda: Sbornik statej [Current Issues in Vietnam Studies – 2019: Vietnam-China Relations after the 1979 War: Collection of Articles]. Moscow: IDV RAN: 13–44. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Монин М.Е. Гегемонистская, авантюристическая политика маоистов в действии: к истории китайской агрессии против Вьетнама // Военно-исторический журнал. 1979. № 8. С. 54–61.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mamleev D.F. (1980). Net nichego dorozhe [There is Nothing More Expensive]. Sovetskaya kul’tura [Soviet Culture]. January 9th. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Москалев П.Э. Зарубежные китайцы во Вьетнаме в конце XIX – начале XXI в. // Юго-Восточная Азия: актуальные проблемы развития. 2019. № 3(44). С. 203–217. URL: https://sea.ivran.ru/f/SEA2019n3(44)p203-217.pdf (дата обращения: 03.12.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mazyrin V.M. (1984). V’etnamskoe obshchestvo i rabochij klass na rubezhe 70–80-h godov [Vietnamese Society and the Working Class at the Turn of the 1970s and 1980s]. Moscow: Nauka. 169 s. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Новакова О.В., Цветов П.Ю. История Вьетнама. Ч. 2. М.: Изд-во Московского ун-та, 1995. 272 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Monin M.E. (1979). Gegemonistskaya, avantyuristicheskaya politika maoistov v dejstvii: k istorii kitajskoj agressii protiv V'etnama [The Hegemonic and Adventurous Policies of the Maoists in Action: A Study of Chinese Aggression Against Vietnam]. Voenno-istoricheskij zhurnal [Military History Magazine]. 8: 54–61. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Озеров М. К югу от 17-й параллели…: из вьетнамского дневника // Литературная газета. 13.12.1978.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moskalev P.E. (2019). Zarubezhnye kitajcy vo V'etname v konce XIX – nachale XXI v. [Foreign Chinese in Vietnam in the Late 19th and Early 21st Century]. Yugo-Vostochnaya Aziya: aktual’nye problemy razvitiya [Southeast Asia: Current Development Issues], 3(44): 203–217. URL: https://sea.ivran.ru/f/SEA2019n3(44)p203-217.pdf (In Russ.) (accessed: 03.12.2025)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Полная академическая история Вьетнама: в 6 т. Т. 5. Ч. 2: Новейшее время (1975–2011) / ред. В.М. Мазырин, П.Ю. Цветов. М.: Президиум Российской акад. наук, 2014. 543 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nguyễn Văn Chính (2021). Ethnic Chinese in the Sino-Vietnamese Borderlands: Debates over Loyalty and Identity. Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 16(4): 1–35. URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/48769532 (accessed: 12.01.2026)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Поспелов Д.М., Степанов Е.Д. Пекин против Вьетнама (60-е – начало 80-х гг.). М., 1983. 208 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Novakova O.V., Tsvetov P.Yu. (1995). Istoriya V’etnama. Part 2 [History of Vietnam. Part 2]. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Moskovskogo universiteta. 272 s. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Скворцов В.Н. Тридцать дней войны. М.: Политиздат, 1981. 239 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ozerov M. (1978). K yugu ot 17-j paralleli…: iz v'etnamskogo dnevnika [South of the 17th Parallel...: from a Vietnamese Diary]. Literaturnaya gazeta [Literary Newspaper]. December 13th. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Стровский Л.Е., Цзян Цзин Роль хуацяо в развитии китайской экономики // Известия УрГЭУ. 2010. № 1(27). С. 106—111. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/rol-huatsyao-v-razvitii-kitayskoy-ekonomiki-1/viewer (дата обращения: 02.01.2026).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polnaya akademicheskaya istoriya V’etnama. Vol. 5. Part. 2: Novejshee vremya (1975–2011) [The Complete Academic History of Vietnam. Vol. 5. Part 2: Modern Times (1975–2011)]. Moscow: Prezidium Rossijskoj akad. Nauk, 2014. 543 s. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Тавровский Ю. Широкие горизонты Вьетнама // Международная жизнь. 1980. № 9. С. 97–102.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pospelov D.M., Stepanov E.D. (1983). Pekin protiv V'etnama (60-e – nachalo 80-h gg.) [Beijing vs. Vietnam (1960s-early 1980s)]. Moscow. 208 s. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чан Хань Китайская этническая община во Вьетнаме: проблемы и тенденции эволюции с конца XIX до конца ХХ в.: дис. ... докт. ист. наук. СПб., 1999. 318 с.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Skvortsov V.N. (1981). Tridtsat' dnej vojny [Thirty Days of War]. Moscow: Politizdat. 239 s. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amer R. The «Boat People» Crisis Revisited Through an Examination of the Ethnic Chinese Dimension. 11th Conference of the International Association of the Study of Forced Migration “Refugees and Forced Migrants at the Crossroads: Forced Migration in a Changing World”. Cairo, 2008. 23 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Strovskij L.E., Czyan Czin (2010). Rol' huacyao v razvitii kitajskoj ekonomiki [The Role of Huaqiao in the Development of the Chinese Economy]. Izvestiya UrGEU, 1(27): 106–111. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/rol-huatsyao-v-razvitii-kitayskoy-ekonomiki-1/viewer (In Russ.) (accessed: 02.01.2026)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Amer R. The Study of the “Hoa” Ethnic Group in Vietnam: Trends, Issues and Challenges. The International Conference on “Vietnamese Studies and the Enhancement of International Cooperation”. Hanoi: Vietnam National University, National Centre for Social Sciences and Human Sciences of Vietnam, 1998. 36 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Tavrovskij Yu. (1980). Shirokie gorizonty V'etnama [Vietnam's Wide Horizons]. Mezhdunarodnaya zhizn' [International Life], 9: 97–102. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Butterfield F. Hanoi Regime Reported Resolved to Oust Nearly All Ethnic Chinese // The New York Times. 1979. June 12.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">The Truth About Vietnam-China Relations Over the Last Thirty Years (1979). Hanoi: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. 86 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dolinski M. Identity Changes of the Chinese Community in Vietnam: A Survey of 20 Families in Cholon. International Conference on “Search or Interfaces: Interdisciplinary and Area Studies in Southeast Asia and the Pacific”. Marseille: University of Provence, 2004. P. 192–208. URL: https://www.rchss.sinica.edu.tw/files_news/1181_5dbdeb1b.pdf (дата обращения: 07.01.2026).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Trịnh Thị Mai Linh. (2023) The Republic of Vietnam Government’s Policies on the Economic Activities of the Chinese in Vietnam (1955–1975) // Journal of Vietnamese Studies, 7(3): 43–54. DOI: 10.54631/VS.2023.73-125599.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lam T. The Exodus of Hoa Refugees from Vietnam and their Settlement in Guangxi: China's Refugee Settlement Strategies // Journal of Refugee Studies. 2000. Vol. 13. No. 4. P. 374–390. DOI: 10.1093/jrs/13.4.374.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Vuong M. (2011) The Impact of the Anti-Chinese Páihuá Policy in Vietnam after Reunification: the Refugees’ Perspective. Vienna Journal of East Asian Studies, 2(1): 149–170. DOI: 10.2478/vjeas-2011-0012.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nguyễn Văn Chính. Ethnic Chinese in the Sino-Vietnamese Borderlands: Debates over Loyalty and Identity // Journal of Vietnamese Studies. 2021. Vol. 16. No. 4. P. 1–35. URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/48769532 (дата обращения: 12.01.2026).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yu L.S. (2016). The Reemergence of Vietnam's Ethnic Chinese Community through Local, National, and Transnational Structures. Сalifornia: UC San Diego. 215 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">The Truth About Vietnam-China Relations Over the Last Thirty Years. Hanoi: Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 1979. 89 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhukov Yu., Shchedrov I. (1980). Gorod Hoshimin, 1980: stranichki iz putevyh dnevnikov [Ho Chi Minh City, 1980: Pages from Travel Diaries]. Ogonyok, 31: 17–19. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Trịnh Thị Mai Linh. The Republic of Vietnam Government’s Policies on the Economic Activities of the Chinese in Vietnam (1955–1975) // Вьетнамские исследования. 2023. Т. 7. № 3. С. 43–54. DOI: 10.54631/VS.2023.73-125599.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhukov Yu., Shchedrov I. (1980). V'etnam, 1980 [Vietnam, 1980]. Ogonyok. 24: 24–25. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Vuong M. The Impact of the Anti-Chinese Páihuá Policy in Vietnam after Reunification: the Refugees’ Perspective // Vienna Journal of East Asian Studies. 2011. Vol. 2. No. 1. P. 149–170. DOI: 10.2478/vjeas-2011-0012.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhukov Yu., Shchedrov I. (1982). V krayu Svetloj, Krasnoj i Chernoj rek [In the Land of the Bright, Red, and Black Rivers]. Neva, 7: 140–155. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yu L.S. The Reemergence of Vietnam’s Ethnic Chinese Community through Local, National, and Transnational Structures. Сalifornia: UC San Diego, 2006. 215 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
