<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Herald of the Russian Academy of Sciences</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Проблемы Дальнего Востока</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0131-2812</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2712-9098</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">698887</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7868/S2712909825060023</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Politics</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Политика</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The Cybersecurity Policy of the Republic of Korea 2017–2025</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Политика Республики Корея в области кибербезопасности в 2017–2025 гг.</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5343-9365</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivanov</surname><given-names>E. D</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иванов</surname><given-names>Е. Д</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Graduate student, Doctoral School of International Relations and Regional Studies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, Аспирантская школа по международным отношениям и зарубежным региональным исследованиям</p></bio><email>ivanov.e.d@hse.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research University Higher School of Economics</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный исследовательский университет «Высшая школа экономики»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">NO6 (2025)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">№6 (2025)</issue-title><fpage>20</fpage><lpage>33</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-19"><day>19</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2026-12-15"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vietnamjournal.ru/0131-2812/article/view/698887">https://vietnamjournal.ru/0131-2812/article/view/698887</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The present article examines the evolution of the Republic of Korea's cybersecurity policy between 2017 and 2025 under the influence of foreign policy factors. In recent decades, the issue of cybersecurity has assumed a pivotal role in the formulation of national policies. Despite its considerable economic and technical development, the South Korean government has historically neglected to allocate sufficient resources to the protection of its national cyber borders. This oversight has resulted in a series of significant cyberattacks on critical infrastructure during the 2010s. In 2019, Moon Jae-in's government published its inaugural national cybersecurity strategy, which was of a defensive nature. This decision was made within the context of a stabilizing international political environment, characterized by intensified diplomatic negotiations between the United States and North Korea. However, following another crisis on the Korean peninsula, South Korea shifted its focus towards cyber cooperation with Western countries. The final transition to an offensive doctrine in the cyber sphere took place in 2024, when the conservative government of Yoon Suk-yeol adopted an updated national cybersecurity strategy, significantly expanding cooperation with military alliances aimed at Russia, China, and North Korea. One of primary motivations for the revision of policy in the cyber sphere was the escalation of the Ukrainian crisis and the subsequent confrontation between Russia and the collective West. The Republic of Korea is compelled to adopt proactive measures to ensure national cybersecurity due to a combination of factors, including the influence of the US-South Korea alliance, its geographical location in the center of a conflict-prone region, the traditional perception of an existential threat from North Korea, and the inability to independently protect its national cyberspace. At present, the Republic of Korea's efforts are predominantly concentrated on participating in the militarization of cyberspace through partnerships with intergovernmental organizations centered on the United States of America.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье рассматривается процесс эволюции политики Республики Корея в области кибербезопасности в период с 2017 по 2025 гг. под воздействием внешнеполитических факторов. За последние несколько десятилетий вопросы безопасности киберпространства стали важными аспектами формирования национальных политик государств. Несмотря на высокий уровень экономического и технического развития, руководство Республики Корея долгое время уделяло недостаточно внимания защите национальных киберграниц, что привело к серии крупных кибератак на критическую инфраструктуру в 2010-х гг. В 2019 г. правительство Мун Чжэ Ина опубликовало первую стратегию национальной кибербезопасности, отличавшуюся оборонительной направленностью. Она была принята в условиях стабилизации внешнеполитической обстановки и активизации дипломатических переговоров с участием США и КНДР, но после очередного кризиса на Корейском полуострове Республика Корея сфокусировалась на проективном обеспечении кибербезопасности с помощью расширения военного киберсотрудничества со странами Запада. Окончательный переход к наступательной доктрине в киберсфере произошел в 2024 г., когда консервативное правительство Юн Сок Ёля приняло обновленную стратегию национальной кибербезопасности, кратно расширив сотрудничество с военно-политическими альянсами, направленными против России, КНР и КНДР. Одним из ключевых стимулов к пересмотру политики в киберсфере стала активизация украинского кризиса и последовавшее за ней противостояние России и стран коллективного Запада. Влияние американо-южнокорейского альянса, географическое расположение в центре конфликтогенного региона, традиционное восприятие экзистенциальной угрозы со стороны КНДР, а также невозможность самостоятельно обеспечить защиту национального киберпространства вынуждают Республику Корея предпринимать активные шаги для обеспечения национальной кибербезопасности. В настоящее время усилия Южной Кореи в большей степени сосредоточены на участии в милитаризации киберсферы через партнерство с американоцентричными межгосударственными организациями.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Republic of Korea</kwd><kwd>cybersecurity</kwd><kwd>information security</kwd><kwd>realism</kwd><kwd>international cybersecurity cooperation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Республика Корея</kwd><kwd>кибербезопасность</kwd><kwd>информационная безопасность</kwd><kwd>реализм</kwd><kwd>международное сотрудничество в области кибербезопасности</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Act on the Protection of Information and Communications Infrastructure. Seoul: Ministry of Science and ICT, 2017. // National Law Information Center. URL: https://www.law.go.kr/LSW/eng/engLsSc.do?menuId=2&amp;section=lawNm&amp;query=The+Act+on +the+Protection+of+Information+and+Communications+Infrastructure&amp;x=42&amp;y=33#liBgcolor0 (дата обращения: 11.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="kk">Act on the Protection of Information and Communications Infrastructure. Seoul: Ministry of Science and ICT, 2017. // National Law Information Center. URL: https://www.law.go.kr/LSW/eng/engLsSc.do?menuId=2&amp;section=lawNm&amp;query=The+Act+on +the+Protection+of+Information+and+Communications+Infrastructure&amp;x=42&amp;y=33#liBgcolor0 (дата обращения: 11.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="pt">Act on the Protection of Information and Communications Infrastructure. Seoul: Ministry of Science and ICT, 2017. // National Law Information Center. URL: https://www.law.go.kr/LSW/eng/engLsSc.do?menuId=2&amp;section=lawNm&amp;query=The+Act+on +the+Protection+of+Information+and+Communications+Infrastructure&amp;x=42&amp;y=33#liBgcolor0 (дата обращения: 11.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Act on the Protection of Information and Communications Infrastructure. Seoul: Ministry of Science and ICT, 2017. // National Law Information Center. URL: https://www.law.go.kr/LSW/eng/engLsSc.do?menuId=2§ion=lawNm&amp;query=The+Act+on +the+Protection+of+Information+and+Communications+Infrastructure&amp;x=42&amp;y=33#liBgcolor0 (дата обращения: 11.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Act on the Protection of Information and Communications Infrastructure. Seoul: Ministry of Science and ICT, 2017. // National Law Information Center. URL: https://www.law.go.kr/LSW/eng/engLsSc.do?menuId=2&amp;section=lawNm&amp;query=The+Act+on +the+Protection+of+Information+and+Communications+Infrastructure&amp;x=42&amp;y=33#liBgcolor0 (дата обращения: 11.07.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Act on the Protection of Information and Communications Infrastructure. Seoul: Ministry of Science and ICT, 2017. National Law Information Center. URL: https://www.law.go.kr/LSW/eng/engLsSc.do?menuId=2&amp;section=lawNm&amp;query=The+Act+on +the+Protection+of+Information+and+Communications+Infrastructure&amp;x=42&amp;y=33#liBgcolor0 (accessed: 11.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="kk">Act on the Protection of Information and Communications Infrastructure. Seoul: Ministry of Science and ICT, 2017. National Law Information Center. URL: https://www.law.go.kr/LSW/eng/engLsSc.do?menuId=2&amp;section=lawNm&amp;query=The+Act+on +the+Protection+of+Information+and+Communications+Infrastructure&amp;x=42&amp;y=33#liBgcolor0 (accessed: 11.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="pt">Act on the Protection of Information and Communications Infrastructure. Seoul: Ministry of Science and ICT, 2017. National Law Information Center. URL: https://www.law.go.kr/LSW/eng/engLsSc.do?menuId=2&amp;section=lawNm&amp;query=The+Act+on +the+Protection+of+Information+and+Communications+Infrastructure&amp;x=42&amp;y=33#liBgcolor0 (accessed: 11.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Defense White Paper 2016. // Ministry of National Defense (Republic of Korea). URL: https://www.mnd.go.kr/user/mnd/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_201705180311469090.pdf (дата обращения: 11.09.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Act on the Protection of Information and Communications Infrastructure. Seoul: Ministry of Science and ICT, 2017. National Law Information Center. URL: https://www.law.go.kr/LSW/eng/engLsSc.do?menuId=2&amp;section=lawNm&amp;query=The+Act+on +the+Protection+of+Information+and+Communications+Infrastructure&amp;x=42&amp;y=33#liBgcolor0 (accessed: 11.07.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Defense White Paper 2016. // Ministry of National Defense (Republic of Korea). URL: https://www.mnd.go.kr/user/mnd/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_201705180311469090.pdf (дата обращения: 11.09.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="kk">Defense White Paper 2016. // Ministry of National Defense (Republic of Korea). URL: https://www.mnd.go.kr/user/mnd/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_201705180311469090.pdf (дата обращения: 11.09.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="pt">Defense White Paper 2016. // Ministry of National Defense (Republic of Korea). URL: https://www.mnd.go.kr/user/mnd/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_201705180311469090.pdf (дата обращения: 11.09.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ernst M., Lee S. Countering Cyber Asymmetry on the Korean Peninsula: South Korea's Defense against Cyber Attacks from Authoritarian States // ResearchGate. 2021. P. 171. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352693179_Countering_Cyber_Asymmetry_on_the_Korean_Peninsula_South_Korea's_Defense_against_Cyber_Attacks_from_Authoritarian_Sates (дата обращения: 11.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Defense White Paper 2016. // Ministry of National Defense (Republic of Korea). URL: https://www.mnd.go.kr/user/mnd/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_201705180311469090.pdf (дата обращения: 11.09.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Defense White Paper 2016. Ministry of National Defense (Republic of Korea). URL: https://www.mnd.go.kr/user/mnd/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_201705180311469090.pdf (accessed: 11.09.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="kk">Defense White Paper 2016. Ministry of National Defense (Republic of Korea). URL: https://www.mnd.go.kr/user/mnd/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_201705180311469090.pdf (accessed: 11.09.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="pt">Defense White Paper 2016. Ministry of National Defense (Republic of Korea). URL: https://www.mnd.go.kr/user/mnd/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_201705180311469090.pdf (accessed: 11.09.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Introducing the Indo-Pacific Strategy // Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Republic of Korea). 2022. URL: https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/wpge/m_26382/contents.do (дата обращения: 29.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Defense White Paper 2016. Ministry of National Defense (Republic of Korea). URL: https://www.mnd.go.kr/user/mnd/upload/pblictn/PBLICTNEBOOK_201705180311469090.pdf (accessed: 11.09.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ernst M., Lee S. Countering Cyber Asymmetry on the Korean Peninsula: South Korea's Defense against Cyber Attacks from Authoritarian States // ResearchGate. 2021. P. 171. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352693179_Countering_Cyber_Asymmetry_on_the_Korean_Peninsula_South_Korea's_Defense_against_Cyber_Attacks_from_Authoritarian_Sates (дата обращения: 11.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="kk">Ernst M., Lee S. Countering Cyber Asymmetry on the Korean Peninsula: South Korea's Defense against Cyber Attacks from Authoritarian States // ResearchGate. 2021. P. 171. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352693179_Countering_Cyber_Asymmetry_on_the_Korean_Peninsula_South_Korea's_Defense_against_Cyber_Attacks_from_Authoritarian_Sates (дата обращения: 11.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="pt">Ernst M., Lee S. Countering Cyber Asymmetry on the Korean Peninsula: South Korea's Defense against Cyber Attacks from Authoritarian States // ResearchGate. 2021. P. 171. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352693179_Countering_Cyber_Asymmetry_on_the_Korean_Peninsula_South_Korea's_Defense_against_Cyber_Attacks_from_Authoritarian_Sates (дата обращения: 11.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Joint Communique of the 52nd U.S.—Republic of Korea Security Consultative Meeting // U.S. Department of Defense Releases. October 14, 2020. URL: https://www.war.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2381879/joint-communique-of-the-52ndusrepublic-of-korea-security-consultative-meeting/ (дата обращения: 29.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Ernst M., Lee S. Countering Cyber Asymmetry on the Korean Peninsula: South Korea's Defense against Cyber Attacks from Authoritarian States // ResearchGate. 2021. P. 171. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352693179_Countering_Cyber_Asymmetry_on_the_Korean_Peninsula_South_Korea's_Defense_against_Cyber_Attacks_from_Authoritarian_Sates (дата обращения: 11.07.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ernst M., Lee S. Countering Cyber Asymmetry on the Korean Peninsula: South Korea's Defense against Cyber Attacks from Authoritarian States. ResearchGate. 2021. P. 171. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352693179_Countering_Cyber_Asymmetry_on_the_Korean_Peninsula_South_Korea's_Defense_against_Cyber_Attacks_from_Authoritarian_Sates (accessed: 11.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="kk">Ernst M., Lee S. Countering Cyber Asymmetry on the Korean Peninsula: South Korea's Defense against Cyber Attacks from Authoritarian States. ResearchGate. 2021. P. 171. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352693179_Countering_Cyber_Asymmetry_on_the_Korean_Peninsula_South_Korea's_Defense_against_Cyber_Attacks_from_Authoritarian_Sates (accessed: 11.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="pt">Ernst M., Lee S. Countering Cyber Asymmetry on the Korean Peninsula: South Korea's Defense against Cyber Attacks from Authoritarian States. ResearchGate. 2021. P. 171. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352693179_Countering_Cyber_Asymmetry_on_the_Korean_Peninsula_South_Korea's_Defense_against_Cyber_Attacks_from_Authoritarian_Sates (accessed: 11.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">National Cybersecurity Strategy 2019 // International Telecommunication Union (ITU). URL: https://www.itu.int/en/ITUD/Cybersecurity/Documents/National_Strategies_Repository/National%20Cybersecurity%20Strategy_South%20Korea.pdf (дата обращения: 11.09.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Ernst M., Lee S. Countering Cyber Asymmetry on the Korean Peninsula: South Korea's Defense against Cyber Attacks from Authoritarian States. ResearchGate. 2021. P. 171. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/352693179_Countering_Cyber_Asymmetry_on_the_Korean_Peninsula_South_Korea's_Defense_against_Cyber_Attacks_from_Authoritarian_Sates (accessed: 11.07.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Introducing the Indo-Pacific Strategy // Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Republic of Korea). 2022. URL: https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/wpge/m_26382/contents.do (дата обращения: 29.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="kk">Introducing the Indo-Pacific Strategy // Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Republic of Korea). 2022. URL: https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/wpge/m_26382/contents.do (дата обращения: 29.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="pt">Introducing the Indo-Pacific Strategy // Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Republic of Korea). 2022. URL: https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/wpge/m_26382/contents.do (дата обращения: 29.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">National Cybersecurity White Paper 2023. Seoul: National Security Office, 2023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Introducing the Indo-Pacific Strategy // Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Republic of Korea). 2022. URL: https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/wpge/m_26382/contents.do (дата обращения: 29.07.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Introducing the Indo-Pacific Strategy. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Republic of Korea). 2022. URL: https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/wpge/m_26382/contents.do (accessed: 29.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="kk">Introducing the Indo-Pacific Strategy. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Republic of Korea). 2022. URL: https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/wpge/m_26382/contents.do (accessed: 29.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="pt">Introducing the Indo-Pacific Strategy. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Republic of Korea). 2022. URL: https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/wpge/m_26382/contents.do (accessed: 29.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">NCSC Annual Report 2021. // National Intelligence Service (Republic of Korea). URL: https://eng.nis.go.kr/common/download.do?type=3&amp;seq=8713E05CC81FA31D7FED6BDABE477B00 (дата обращения: 11.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Introducing the Indo-Pacific Strategy. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Republic of Korea). 2022. URL: https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/wpge/m_26382/contents.do (accessed: 29.07.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Joint Communique of the 52nd U.S.—Republic of Korea Security Consultative Meeting // U.S. Department of Defense Releases. October 14, 2020. URL: https://www.war.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2381879/joint-communique-of-the-52ndusrepublic-of-korea-security-consultative-meeting/ (дата обращения: 29.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="kk">Joint Communique of the 52nd U.S.—Republic of Korea Security Consultative Meeting // U.S. Department of Defense Releases. October 14, 2020. URL: https://www.war.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2381879/joint-communique-of-the-52ndusrepublic-of-korea-security-consultative-meeting/ (дата обращения: 29.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="pt">Joint Communique of the 52nd U.S.—Republic of Korea Security Consultative Meeting // U.S. Department of Defense Releases. October 14, 2020. URL: https://www.war.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2381879/joint-communique-of-the-52ndusrepublic-of-korea-security-consultative-meeting/ (дата обращения: 29.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">NCSC Annual Review 2019. // National Intelligence Service (Republic of Korea). URL: https://eng.nis.go.kr/EAF/1_7_7_1.do (дата обращения: 13.09.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Joint Communique of the 52nd U.S.—Republic of Korea Security Consultative Meeting // U.S. Department of Defense Releases. October 14, 2020. URL: https://www.war.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2381879/joint-communique-of-the-52ndusrepublic-of-korea-security-consultative-meeting/ (дата обращения: 29.07.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Joint Communique of the 52nd U.S.—Republic of Korea Security Consultative Meeting. U.S. Department of Defense Releases. October 14, 2020. URL: https://www.war.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2381879/joint-communique-of-the-52ndusrepublic-of-korea-security-consultative-meeting/ (accessed: 29.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="kk">Joint Communique of the 52nd U.S.—Republic of Korea Security Consultative Meeting. U.S. Department of Defense Releases. October 14, 2020. URL: https://www.war.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2381879/joint-communique-of-the-52ndusrepublic-of-korea-security-consultative-meeting/ (accessed: 29.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="pt">Joint Communique of the 52nd U.S.—Republic of Korea Security Consultative Meeting. U.S. Department of Defense Releases. October 14, 2020. URL: https://www.war.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2381879/joint-communique-of-the-52ndusrepublic-of-korea-security-consultative-meeting/ (accessed: 29.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Outcome of the 1st ROK—U.S. Working Group Meeting on the DPRK Cyber Threat // Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Republic of Korea). August 10, 2022. URL: https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/brd/m_5676/view.do?seq=322075 (дата обращения: 29.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">Joint Communique of the 52nd U.S.—Republic of Korea Security Consultative Meeting. U.S. Department of Defense Releases. October 14, 2020. URL: https://www.war.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2381879/joint-communique-of-the-52ndusrepublic-of-korea-security-consultative-meeting/ (accessed: 29.07.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">National Cybersecurity Strategy 2019 // International Telecommunication Union (ITU). URL: https://www.itu.int/en/ITUD/Cybersecurity/Documents/National_Strategies_Repository/National%20Cybersecurity%20Strategy_South%20Korea.pdf (дата обращения: 11.09.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="kk">National Cybersecurity Strategy 2019 // International Telecommunication Union (ITU). URL: https://www.itu.int/en/ITUD/Cybersecurity/Documents/National_Strategies_Repository/National%20Cybersecurity%20Strategy_South%20Korea.pdf (дата обращения: 11.09.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="pt">National Cybersecurity Strategy 2019 // International Telecommunication Union (ITU). URL: https://www.itu.int/en/ITUD/Cybersecurity/Documents/National_Strategies_Repository/National%20Cybersecurity%20Strategy_South%20Korea.pdf (дата обращения: 11.09.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pardo R.P. South Korea—NATO cybersecurity cooperation: learning to work together in the face of common threats // Elcano Royal Institute. October 4, 2023. URL: https://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/en/analyses/south-korea-nato-cybersecurity-cooperationlearningto-work-together-in-the-face-of-common-threats/ (дата обращения: 29.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">National Cybersecurity Strategy 2019 // International Telecommunication Union (ITU). URL: https://www.itu.int/en/ITUD/Cybersecurity/Documents/National_Strategies_Repository/National%20Cybersecurity%20Strategy_South%20Korea.pdf (дата обращения: 11.09.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">National Cybersecurity Strategy 2019. International Telecommunication Union (ITU). URL: https://www.itu.int/en/ITUD/Cybersecurity/Documents/National_Strategies_Repository/National%20Cybersecurity%20Strategy_South%20Korea.pdf (accessed: 11.09.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="kk">National Cybersecurity Strategy 2019. International Telecommunication Union (ITU). URL: https://www.itu.int/en/ITUD/Cybersecurity/Documents/National_Strategies_Repository/National%20Cybersecurity%20Strategy_South%20Korea.pdf (accessed: 11.09.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="pt">National Cybersecurity Strategy 2019. International Telecommunication Union (ITU). URL: https://www.itu.int/en/ITUD/Cybersecurity/Documents/National_Strategies_Repository/National%20Cybersecurity%20Strategy_South%20Korea.pdf (accessed: 11.09.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Relations with the Republic of Korea // NATO Official Website. URL: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_50098.htm (дата обращения: 11.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">National Cybersecurity Strategy 2019. International Telecommunication Union (ITU). URL: https://www.itu.int/en/ITUD/Cybersecurity/Documents/National_Strategies_Repository/National%20Cybersecurity%20Strategy_South%20Korea.pdf (accessed: 11.09.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">National Cybersecurity White Paper 2023. Seoul: National Security Office, 2023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="kk">National Cybersecurity White Paper 2023. Seoul: National Security Office, 2023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="pt">National Cybersecurity White Paper 2023. Seoul: National Security Office, 2023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Strategic Cybersecurity Cooperation Framework. Seoul: MOFA, 2023. // Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Republic of Korea). URL: https://www.mofa.go.kr/www/brd/m_26779/down.do?brd_id=100112&amp;seq=182&amp;data_tp=A&amp;file_seq=1 (дата обращения: 15.08.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">National Cybersecurity White Paper 2023. Seoul: National Security Office, 2023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">National Cybersecurity White Paper 2023. Seoul: National Security Office, 2023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="kk">National Cybersecurity White Paper 2023. Seoul: National Security Office, 2023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="pt">National Cybersecurity White Paper 2023. Seoul: National Security Office, 2023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yoon S.Y. National Security Strategy 2023. Seoul: Office of the President, 2023.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">National Cybersecurity White Paper 2023. Seoul: National Security Office, 2023.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">NCSC Annual Report 2021. // National Intelligence Service (Republic of Korea). URL: https://eng.nis.go.kr/common/download.do?type=3&amp;seq=8713E05CC81FA31D7FED6BDABE477B00 (дата обращения: 11.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="kk">NCSC Annual Report 2021. // National Intelligence Service (Republic of Korea). URL: https://eng.nis.go.kr/common/download.do?type=3&amp;seq=8713E05CC81FA31D7FED6BDABE477B00 (дата обращения: 11.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="pt">NCSC Annual Report 2021. // National Intelligence Service (Republic of Korea). URL: https://eng.nis.go.kr/common/download.do?type=3&amp;seq=8713E05CC81FA31D7FED6BDABE477B00 (дата обращения: 11.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">김소정. 러북 신조약의 사이버안보 함의 및 시사점 [Ким Со Чон. Последствия и значение Договора о всеобъемлющем стратегическом партнерстве между Россией и Северной Кореей для кибербезопасности] // 국가안보전략연구. 2024. URL: https://www.inss.re.kr/publication/bbs/ib_view.do?nttId=41037234#none (дата обращения: 15.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">NCSC Annual Report 2021. // National Intelligence Service (Republic of Korea). URL: https://eng.nis.go.kr/common/download.do?type=3&amp;seq=8713E05CC81FA31D7FED6BDABE477B00 (дата обращения: 11.07.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">NCSC Annual Report 2021. National Intelligence Service (Republic of Korea). URL: https://eng.nis.go.kr/common/download.do?type=3&amp;seq=8713E05CC81FA31D7FED6BDABE477B00 (accessed: 11.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="kk">NCSC Annual Report 2021. National Intelligence Service (Republic of Korea). URL: https://eng.nis.go.kr/common/download.do?type=3&amp;seq=8713E05CC81FA31D7FED6BDABE477B00 (accessed: 11.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="pt">NCSC Annual Report 2021. National Intelligence Service (Republic of Korea). URL: https://eng.nis.go.kr/common/download.do?type=3&amp;seq=8713E05CC81FA31D7FED6BDABE477B00 (accessed: 11.07.2025).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">대통령실국가안보실. 국가 사이버안보 전략 [Офис Президента Республики Корея, управление национальной безопасности. Национальная стратегия кибербезопасности]. 서울:대통령실국가안보실, 2024.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="zh">NCSC Annual Report 2021. National Intelligence Service (Republic of Korea). URL: https://eng.nis.go.kr/common/download.do?type=3&amp;seq=8713E05CC81FA31D7FED6BDABE477B00 (accessed: 11.07.2025).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>NCSC Annual Review 2019. // National Intelligence Service (Republic of Korea). URL: https://eng.nis.go.kr/EAF/1_7_7_1.do (дата обращения: 13.09.2025).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>NCSC Annual Review 2019. National Intelligence Service (Republic of Korea). URL: https://eng.nis.go.kr/EAF/1_7_7_1.do (accessed: 13.09.2025).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Outcome of the 1st ROK—U.S. Working Group Meeting on the DPRK Cyber Threat // Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Republic of Korea). August 10, 2022. URL: https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/brd/m_5676/view.do?seq=322075 (дата обращения: 29.07.2025).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Outcome of the 1st ROK—U.S. Working Group Meeting on the DPRK Cyber Threat. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Republic of Korea). August 10, 2022. URL: https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/brd/m_5676/view.do?seq=322075 (accessed: 29.07.2025).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Pardo R.P. South Korea—NATO cybersecurity cooperation: learning to work together in the face of common threats // Elcano Royal Institute. October 4, 2023. URL: https://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/en/analyses/south-korea-nato-cybersecurity-cooperationlearningto-work-together-in-the-face-of-common-threats/ (дата обращения: 29.07.2025).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Pardo R.P. South Korea—NATO cybersecurity cooperation: learning to work together in the face of common threats. Elcano Royal Institute. October 4, 2023. URL: https://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/en/analyses/south-korea-nato-cybersecurity-cooperationlearningto-work-together-in-the-face-of-common-threats/ (accessed: 29.07.2025).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Relations with the Republic of Korea // NATO Official Website. URL: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_50098.htm (дата обращения: 11.07.2025).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Relations with the Republic of Korea. NATO Official Website. URL: https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/topics_50098.htm (accessed: 11.07.2025).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Strategic Cybersecurity Cooperation Framework. Seoul: MOFA, 2023. // Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Republic of Korea). URL: https://www.mofa.go.kr/www/brd/m_26779/down.do?brd_id=100112&amp;seq=182&amp;data_tp=A&amp;file_seq=1 (дата обращения: 15.08.2025).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Strategic Cybersecurity Cooperation Framework. Seoul: MOFA, 2023. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Republic of Korea). URL: https://www.mofa.go.kr/www/brd/m_26779/down.do?brd_id=100112&amp;seq=182&amp;data_tp=A&amp;file_seq=1 (accessed: 15.08.2025).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Yoon S.Y. National Security Strategy 2023. Seoul: Office of the President, 2023.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Yoon S.Y. National Security Strategy 2023. Seoul: Office of the President, 2023.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>김소정. 러북 신조약의 사이버안보 함의 및 시사점 [Ким Со Чон. Последствия и значение Договора о всеобъемлющем стратегическом партнерстве между Россией и Северной Кореей для кибербезопасности] // 국가안보전략연구. 2024. URL: https://www.inss.re.kr/publication/bbs/ib_view.do?nttId=41037234#none (дата обращения: 15.07.2025).</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>김소정. 러북 신조약의 사이버안보 함의 및 시사점 [Kim Sojeong. The implications and significance of the Comprehensive Strategic Partnership Agreement between Russia and North Korea for cybersecurity]. 국가안보전략연구. 2024. URL: https://www.inss.re.kr/publication/bbs/ib_view.do?nttId=41037234#none (accessed: 15.07.2025). (In Kor.)</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>대통령실국가안보실. 국가 사이버안보 전략 [Офис Президента Республики Корея, управление национальной безопасности. Национальная стратегия кибербезопасности]. 서울:대통령실국가안보실, 2024.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>대통령실국가안보실. 국가 사이버안보 전략 [Office of the President of the Republic of Korea, National Security Office. National Cybersecurity Strategy]. 서울: 대통령실국가안보실, 2024. (In Kor.)</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
