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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Novaya i Novejshaya Istoriya</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Novaya i Novejshaya Istoriya</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Новая и новейшая история</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0130-3864</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">The Russian Academy of Sciences</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">699090</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.7868/S3034543X25060058</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Modern history</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Новое время</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Imperial Citizenship and the Rule of Difference: Historical Institutionalism and the Case of Ottoman Empire</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ИМПЕРСКОЕ ГРАЖДАНСТВО И УПРАВЛЕНИЕ РАЗЛИЧИЯМИ: КЕЙС ОСМАНСКОЙ ИМПЕРИИ В ИСТОРИКО-ИНСТИТУЦИОНАЛИСТСКОЙ ПЕРСПЕКТИВЕ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2202-2246</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57195421011</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">AAO-9571-2020</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fadeyev</surname><given-names>I. A</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>ФАДЕЕВ</surname><given-names>И. А</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio><p>кандидат исторических наук, старший научный сотрудник</p></bio><email>fadeyev.ivan@yahoo.co.uk</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Институт всеобщей истории РАН</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">NO6 (2025)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">№6 (2025)</issue-title><fpage>72</fpage><lpage>90</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-12-23"><day>23</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Российская академия наук</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Russian Academy of Sciences</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Российская академия наук</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://vietnamjournal.ru/0130-3864/article/view/699090">https://vietnamjournal.ru/0130-3864/article/view/699090</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This study interrogates the institution of imperial citizenship as a historically sedimented and juridically ambivalent construct, situated at the intersection of law, identity, and imperial governance. Employing the analytical lens of historical institutionalism, it examines the Ottoman Empire, tracing how path-dependent trajectories, critical junctures, and feedback mechanisms gave rise to a dual logic of imperial rule: the codification of differentiated citizenship and the preservation of communal autonomy through legal pluralism. The Ottoman Nationality Law of 1869 serves as a focal point, representing an attempt to redefine subjecthood from confessional allegiance to secular legal membership. Citizenship thus functioned not merely as a legal status but as a colonial apparatus for segmenting populations, regulating allegiance, and constraining political agency. The analysis contends that imperial citizenship in its Ottoman incarnation cannot be understood through the liberal idiom of universal rights, but rather as a mode of governance structured through asymmetry, legal ambiguity, and communal stratification. The institutional legacies of these arrangements – marked by legal pluralism, differential inclusion, and identity-based governance – continue to reverberate within post-imperial polities. Ultimately, imperial citizenship reveals itself less as a neutral legal category than as a historically contingent artifice of rule: simultaneously integrative and exclusionary; universalist in rhetoric, yet particularist in practice.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В настоящем исследовании институция имперского гражданства рассматривается как исторически многослойная структура, опосредующая формирование политической идентичности, лояльности и коммунитарной сегментации в условиях асимметричных правовых режимов. Опираясь на методологию исторического институционализма, автор анализирует, каким образом Османская империя кодифицировала политическую принадлежность посредством двойственной логики: юридической формализации гражданства и институционализации общинной автономии. Особое внимание уделяется Закону об османском гражданстве 1869 г. как критическому поворотному моменту, ознаменовавшему попытку преодоления религиозной модели принадлежности. Исследование показывает, что институциональные конфигурации, закрепленные механизмами «обратной связи» и «эффектом колеи», оказали долговременное влияние не только на практики включения и исключения, но и на постимперские траектории развития государственности, национализма и правового регулирования гражданства. Имперское гражданство предстает как гибридная и амбивалентная конструкция: формально универсалистская, но фактически стратифицированная; юридически кодифицированная, но структурно коммунитарная. Его историческое наследие продолжает структурировать политическое членство и юридическую субъектность в постимперских обществах.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>imperial citizenship</kwd><kwd>historical institutionalism</kwd><kwd>Ottoman Empire</kwd><kwd>millet system</kwd><kwd>Ottoman Nationality Law</kwd><kwd>path dependence</kwd><kwd>critical junctures</kwd><kwd>legal pluralism</kwd><kwd>communal governance</kwd><kwd>post-imperial legacies</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>имперское гражданство</kwd><kwd>исторический институционализм</kwd><kwd>Османская империя</kwd><kwd>миллеты</kwd><kwd>Османский закон о гражданстве</kwd><kwd>«эффект колеи»</kwd><kwd>«критические развилки»</kwd><kwd>правовой плюрализм</kwd><kwd>общинное управление</kwd><kwd>постимперское наследие</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Статья подготовлена в рамках проекта «Стабилизирующая роль России в системах международных отношений XIX – первой четверти XXI века: исторический опыт и уро- ки для современности», реализуемого на базе Института всеобщей истории РАН при фи- нансовой поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации (соглашение № 075-15-2024-537).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Palamarchuk A.A., Fadeyev I.A. 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