Cell and Tissue BiologyCell and Tissue BiologyЦитология0041-37713034-6061The Russian Academy of Sciences66960110.31857/S0041377124010023IGVMRGArticlesСтатьиResearch ArticleThe role of autophagy and macrophage polarization in the processes of chronic inflammation and regenerationРоль аутофагии и поляризации макрофагов в процессах хронического воспаления и регенерацииZubovaS. G.ЗубоваС. Г.
Russian Federation
egretta_julia@mail.ruMorshnevaA. V.МоршневаА. В.
Russian Federation
egretta_julia@mail.ruInstitute of Cytology of the Russian Academy of SciencesИнститут цитологии РАН15012024661203427022025Copyright ©; 2024, Russian Academy of SciencesCopyright ©; 2024, Российская академия наук2024Russian Academy of SciencesРоссийская академия наукhttps://vietnamjournal.ru/0041-3771/article/view/669601

The cause of many serious illnesses, including diabetes, obesity, osteoporosis and neurodegenerative diseases is chronic inflammation that develops in adipose tissue, bones or the brain. This inflammation occurs due to a shift in the polarization of macrophages/microglia towards the pro-inflammatory phenotype M1. It has now been proven that the polarization of macrophages is determined by the intracellular level of autophagy in the macrophage. By modulating autophagy, it is possible to cause switching of macrophage activities towards M1 or M2. Summarizing the material accumulated in the literature, we believe that the activation of autophagy reprograms the macrophage towards M2, replacing its protein content, receptor apparatus and including a different type of metabolism. The term reprogramming is most suitable for this process, since it is followed by a change in the functional activity of the macrophage, namely, switching from cytotoxic pro-inflammatory activity to anti-inflammatory (regenerative). Modulation of autophagy can be an approach to the treatment of oncological diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, osteoporosis, diabetes and other serious diseases.

Причиной многих тяжелых недугов, в том числе диабета, ожирения, остеопороза и нейродегенеративных заболеваний является хроническое воспаление, которое развивается в жировой ткани, костях или головном мозге. Такое воспаление возникает из-за смещения поляризации макрофагов (микроглии) в сторону провоспалительного фенотипа М1. В настоящее время доказано, что поляризацию макрофагов определяет внутриклеточный уровень аутофагии в макрофаге. Модулируя аутофагию, можно вызвать переключение активностей макрофагов в сторону М1 или М2. Обобщив накопленный в литературе материал, мы полагаем, что активация аутофагии репрограммирует макрофаг в сторону М2, заменяя его белковое содержимое, рецепторный аппарат и включая иной тип метаболизма. Термин “репрограммирование” наиболее подходит для этого процесса, поскольку за ним следует смена функциональной активности макрофага, а именно переключение от цитотоксической провоспалительной активности на антивоспалительную (регенеративную). Модуляция аутофагии может быть подходом к терапии онкозаболеваний, нейродегенеративных расстройств, остеопороза, диабета и других тяжелых заболеваний.

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